{
 "id": "concept/ahl-al-ahwa",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "ahl-al-ahwa",
 "label": {
  "ar": "أهل الأهواء",
  "en": "Ahl al-Ahwa (the people of deviant opinions in Islam, and the rules on their testimony, narration and prayer behind them)"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "أهل الأهواء جمع هوى، وهو ميل النفس إلى خلاف ما يقتضيه الشرع، وهم من المسلمين الذين زاغوا عن الطريقة المثلى كالجبرية والقدرية والمعطلة والمشبهة. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3596} وهم يختلفون عن الملاحدة والدهريين، لأنهم من جملة المسلمين يؤمنون بالله وبنبيه. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3596} ويجب هجر من يجاهر ببدعته ويدعو إليها، ويكون لمن كانت بدعته مكفرة حكم المرتد، وغيرها يعزر فيه الداعي إليها. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3597}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598} وتقبل شهادتهم عند الحنفية والشافعية إلا الخطابية، وترد عند مالك وأحمد، وفي روايتهم خلاف، ومن الفقهاء من منع الرواية عن الداعية منهم، وتصح الصلاة خلفهم عند الحنفية والشافعية مع الكراهة. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3599}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3600}",
  "en": "Ahl al-ahwa are those whose opinions deviate: the word hawa is the soul's inclination against what the law requires; they are Muslims who have strayed from the middle path, such as the Jabriyya, the Qadariyya, the Mu'attila and the Mushabbiha. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3596} They differ from the atheists and materialists, since they remain Muslims who believe in God and His Prophet. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3596} One must shun whoever openly professes his innovation or calls to it; if the innovation is one that makes a person an unbeliever, he receives the rules of an apostate, and otherwise the caller to it may be punished with discretionary penalties. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3597}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598} Their testimony is accepted by the Hanafis and Shafi'is except the Khattabiyya, and rejected by Malik and Ahmad, with disputes in the reports. Some jurists forbid narrating from their callers, and the prayer behind them is valid with dislike for the Hanafis and Shafi'is. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3599}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3600}"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "sects-and-schools"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "doctrine",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "al-Mawsu'a al-Fiqhiyya al-Kuwaitiyya (Noor copy), headword «أهل الأهواء», pp.3596-3600 of the scan (ends where «أهل الحرب» begins on p.3600). Technical entry on sects in fiqh and hadith; summarised at the level of the schools' rulings, without the detail of the heresies.",
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5",
   "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
   "run": "mawsua-w02-9"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "التعريف",
     "markdown": "الهوى: ميل النفس إلى خلاف ما يقتضيه الشرع. وأهل الأهواء من المسلمين الذين زاغوا عن الطريقة المثلى، كالجبرية والقدرية والمعطلة والمشبهة. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3596}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الفرق بينهم وبين الملاحدة",
     "markdown": "أهل الأهواء من جملة المسلمين يؤمنون بالله وبنبيه، أما الملاحدة والزنادقة والدهريون فلا يؤمنون بذلك. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3596}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "مناظرتهم والهجر",
     "markdown": "ينبغي أن يؤخذ أهل الأهواء بالحجة وتكشف شبههم، ويجتنبهم العامة. والأصل تحريم هجر المسلم فوق ثلاث، إلا لوجه شرعي، وقد اعتبر السلف الابتداع في العقائد موجبا للهجر لمن يجاهر ببدعته أو يدعو إليها. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3597}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "التوبة والعقوبة",
     "markdown": "- الباطنية تُرد توبتهم عند الحنفية والشافعية، وغير الباطنية تقبل توبتهم عند الجمهور، وقال ابن شاقلا: لا تقبل. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598}\n- إن كانت البدعة مكفرة عوملوا معاملة المرتدين، وإن لم تكن مكفرة فالعقوبة التعزير، ويعزر الدعاة بما يبلغ القتل سياسة عند الحنفية وطائفة من الشافعية والحنابلة والمالكية. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "شهادتهم وروايتهم وإمامتهم",
     "markdown": "- الشهادة: ترد عند مالك وأحمد وشريك وأبي ثور، وتقبل عند الحنفية والشافعية إلا الخطابية. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3599}\n- الرواية: منعها ابن سيرين ومالك وابن عيينة وغيرهم، ورخص فيها أبو حنيفة والشافعي وغيرهما إذا عُرفوا بالصدق، وفرق آخرون بين الداعية وغيره. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3599}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3600}\n- الإمامة: الحنابلة يبطلون الاقتداء بالمجاهر بهواه الداعي إليه، والمالكية يوجبون الإعادة، والحنفية والشافعية يجيزونه مع الكراهة. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3600}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/ahl-al-ahwa",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Definition",
     "markdown": "Hawa is the soul's inclination against what the law requires. The people of deviant opinions are Muslims who have strayed from the middle path, such as the Jabriyya, the Qadariyya, the Mu'attila and the Mushabbiha. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3596}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Their difference from the unbelievers",
     "markdown": "They remain Muslims who believe in God and His Prophet, unlike the atheists, heretics and materialists. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3596}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Refutation and shunning",
     "markdown": "They should be refuted by argument and their doubts exposed, and the common folk should keep away from them. The rule is that no Muslim may shun another beyond three days except for a lawful reason, and the early scholars counted innovation in belief as such a reason against one who openly professes it or calls to it. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3597}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Repentance and penalty",
     "markdown": "- Repentance is refused for the esoteric sects by the Hanafis and Shafi'is, and accepted for others by the majority; Ibn Shaqila held that it is not accepted. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598}\n- Where the innovation is one that makes a person an unbeliever, he is treated as an apostate; otherwise the penalty is discretionary, and the leaders may be put to death as a matter of policy, in the view of the Hanafis, some Shafi'is, Hanbalis and Malikis. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Testimony, narration and leading prayer",
     "markdown": "- Testimony is rejected by Malik, Ahmad, Sharik and Abu Thawr, and accepted by the Hanafis and Shafi'is except the Khattabiyya. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3599}\n- Narration was refused by Ibn Sirin, Malik, Ibn Uyayna and others, and allowed by Abu Hanifa, al-Shafi'i and others when they were known for truth; some distinguish the caller from others. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3599}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3600}\n- Leading prayer: the Hanbalis forbid following one who openly professes and calls to his view; the Malikis require repetition; the Hanafis and Shafi'is allow it with dislike. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3600}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/ahl-al-ahwa",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "تعریف",
     "markdown": "اہل اہواء وہ مسلمان ہیں جو سیدھے راستے سے ہٹ گئے، جیسے جبریہ، قدریہ، معطلہ اور مشبہہ۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3596}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "حکم",
     "markdown": "- ان کی بدعت اگر کفر تک پہنچائے تو ان پر مرتد کا حکم لگے گا، ورنہ تعزیر ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598}\n- جمہور کے نزدیک ان کی توبہ قبول ہوتی ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598}\n- ان کی شہادت حنفیہ اور شافعیہ کے نزدیک مقبول ہے، اور مالک اور احمد کے نزدیک مردود۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3598}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3599}\n- ان کے پیچھے نماز حنفیہ اور شافعیہ کے نزدیک مکروہ ہے مگر جائز ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3600}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/ahl-al-ahwa",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-23",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "building/al-kadhimiya-mosque",
  "building/imam-husayn-shrine",
  "concept/ahl-al-qibla",
  "concept/al-iftiraq-al-ummah",
  "concept/companionship-suhba",
  "concept/ghayba",
  "concept/hadr-fiqh",
  "concept/hawa-fiqh"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}