{
 "id": "concept/ahl-al-harb",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "ahl-al-harb",
 "label": {
  "ar": "أهل الحرب",
  "en": "Ahl al-Harb (the people at war with the Muslims, their status and the rules that govern dealings with them)"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "أهل الحرب هم غير المسلمين الذين لم يدخلوا في عقد الذمة ولا يتمتعون بأمان المسلمين ولا عهدهم. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3600} ويفرقون عن أهل الذمة وأهل البغي وأهل العهد والمستأمنين، وينقلب الذمي أو المعاهد أو المستأمن حربيا بالالتحاق بدار الحرب أو بنقض العهد. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3601}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3602} ودماء أهل الحرب وأموالهم مباحة إذا لم يكن عهد، فإن كان عهد عُصمت. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3604} ولا يجوز للمسلم في دار الحرب الغدر بهم إذا أمّنوه، ويجوز إتلاف أموالهم إذا كان فيه مصلحة للمسلمين باتفاق، واختلفوا في إتلاف ما لا مصلحة فيه. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3605}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3606}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3607} وتجوز الصدقة والهبة لهم عند الجمهور، وتصح الوصية عند الشافعية والحنابلة للمعين منهم دون الحنفية والمالكية، ولا يصح الوقف عليهم باتفاق. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3607}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3608} ويجوز تصدير الأطعمة ونحوها إليهم، ولا يجوز تصدير السلاح في الحرب. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3609}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3610} ويحل للمسلم نكاح المرأة الكتابية الحربية كالذمية. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3610}",
  "en": "Ahl al-harb are non-Muslims who have not entered a covenant of protection and enjoy neither the safe-conduct nor the treaty of the Muslims. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3600} They are distinguished from the protected people, the rebels, those with a treaty and those under safe-conduct; a protected person, a treaty-holder or a holder of safe-conduct becomes a combatant by joining the land of war or by breaking the covenant. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3601}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3602} Their blood and property are lawful to take where there is no covenant, and are protected where there is one. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3604} The Muslim may not betray them once they have granted him safe-conduct; the destruction of their property is allowed by agreement where it serves the Muslims, and the jurists differ where it serves no purpose. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3605}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3606}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3607} Gifts and alms to them are allowed by the majority, a will in favour of a named person is allowed by the Shafi'is and Hanbalis but not by the Hanafis and Malikis, and an endowment in their favour is void by agreement. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3607}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3608} Food and similar goods may be exported to them; arms may not be exported in war. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3609}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3610} A Muslim man may marry a Christian or Jewish woman of the land of war, as of the protected people. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3610}"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "wars-and-campaigns"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "legal",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "al-Mawsu'a al-Fiqhiyya al-Kuwaitiyya (Noor copy), headword «أهل الحرب», pp.3600-3610 of the scan (ends where «أهل الحل والعقد» begins on p.3611). Long legal entry on the status of non-Muslims at war and in covenant; summarised by section. Qur'an verses are referred to by sura only; hadith and reports are paraphrased.",
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5",
   "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
   "run": "mawsua-w02-9"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "التعريف",
     "markdown": "أهل الحرب غير المسلمين الذين لم يدخلوا في عقد الذمة، ولا يتمتعون بأمان المسلمين ولا عهدهم. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3600}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الفروق",
     "markdown": "- أهل الذمة: الكفار المقيمون في دار الإسلام بالتزام الجزية. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3600}\n- أهل البغي: فرقة خرجت على إمام المسلمين بمغالبة. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3601}\n- أهل العهد: من صالحهم الإمام على إنهاء الحرب مدة معلومة. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3601}\n- المستأمنون: من دخل دار الإسلام بأمان أو دخل المسلم دار الحرب بأمان. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3601}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "انقلاب الحكم",
     "markdown": "- ينقلب الذمي أو المعاهد أو المستأمن حربيا بالالتحاق بدار الحرب مقيما فيها، أو بنقض العهد. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3601}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3602}\n- ينقلب الحربي ذميا بالتراضي أو بالإقامة سنة في دار الإسلام أو بالزواج أو بالغلبة. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3602}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "دماؤهم وأموالهم",
     "markdown": "- إذا لم يكن عهد فالحربي مهدر الدم والمال، فيجوز قتل المقاتلين، وتصبح الأموال غنيمة. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3604}\n- إذا كان عهد فقد عُصم دمه وماله، وخيانة المستأمن محرمة. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3605}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3606}\n- إتلاف أشجارهم وأموالهم في الحرب جائز إذا كان فيه مصلحة للمسلمين باتفاق، واختلفوا في الإتلاف بلا مصلحة، فأجازه الحنفية والمالكية وأحمد في رواية، ومنعه الحنابلة في رواية والأوزاعي والليث وأبو ثور. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3606}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3607}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الوصية والوقف والصدقة",
     "markdown": "- الوصية للحربي: منعها الحنفية والمالكية، وأجازها الشافعية في الأصح والحنابلة لحربي معين. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3607}\n- الوقف عليهم باطل بالاتفاق. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3608}\n- الصدقة والهبة لهم صحيحة عند الأئمة الأربعة. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3608}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "التوارث والتجارة والنكاح والنفقة",
     "markdown": "- اختلاف الدارين لا يمنع التوارث بين الكفار عند الجمهور. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3608}\n- يجوز الاتجار مع الحربيين بأمان، ولا يجوز إمدادهم بالسلاح، وفي التصدير خلاف، ويجوز تصدير الأطعمة إليهم. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3608}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3609}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3610}\n- يحل نكاح المسلم الحربية الكتابية، كالذمية، لقوله تعالى في سورة المائدة (الآية 5). {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3610}\n- تجب النفقة للزوجة الحربية الكتابية كالمسلمة. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3610}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/ahl-al-harb",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Definition",
     "markdown": "Ahl al-harb are non-Muslims who have not entered the covenant of protection and enjoy neither the safe-conduct nor the treaty of the Muslims. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3600}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Distinctions",
     "markdown": "- The protected people (ahl al-dhimma): unbelievers who live in the land of Islam by paying the poll tax. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3600}\n- The rebels (ahl al-baghy): a group that rises against the lawful imam by force. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3601}\n- The people of treaty (ahl al-'ahd): those with whom the ruler has agreed to end war for a fixed period. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3601}\n- Those under safe-conduct (musta'manun): those who enter the land of Islam under safe-conduct, or a Muslim who enters the land of war under it. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3601}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Change of status",
     "markdown": "- A protected person, a treaty-holder or a holder of safe-conduct becomes a combatant by joining the land of war and staying there, or by breaking the covenant. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3601}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3602}\n- A combatant becomes protected by consent, by a year's residence in the land of Islam, by marriage, or by conquest. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3602}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Blood and property",
     "markdown": "- Without a covenant, the combatant's blood and property are lawful; his fighters may be killed and his property becomes spoil. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3604}\n- With a covenant, his blood and property are protected, and betraying one who has given safe-conduct is forbidden. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3605}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3606}\n- Destroying their trees and property in war is allowed by agreement where it serves the Muslims. The Hanafis, Malikis and Ahmad in one report allow it without such purpose, while the Hanbalis in one report, al-Awza'i, al-Layth and Abu Thawr forbid it. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3606}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3607}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Bequests, endowments and alms",
     "markdown": "- A bequest to a combatant is forbidden by the Hanafis and Malikis, and allowed by the Shafi'is in the sounder view and the Hanbalis, for a named individual. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3607}\n- An endowment in their favour is void by agreement. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3608}\n- Gifts and alms to them are sound by the consensus of the four schools. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3608}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Inheritance, trade, marriage and maintenance",
     "markdown": "- The difference of the two lands does not prevent unbelievers from inheriting from one another, by the majority. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3608}\n- Trade with combatants under safe-conduct is allowed; arms may not be supplied to them in war, and the export of food is allowed. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3608}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3609}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3610}\n- A Muslim man may marry a Jewish or Christian woman of the land of war, as he may marry one of the protected people, on the Qur'anic permission in sura al-Ma'ida (5:5). {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3610}\n- The wife of a combatant of the People of the Book is owed maintenance as a Muslim wife is. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3610}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/ahl-al-harb",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "تعریف",
     "markdown": "اہل حرب وہ غیر مسلم ہیں جو ذمہ کے عقد میں داخل نہیں اور نہ مسلمانوں کی امان یا عہد میں ہیں۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3600}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "حکم",
     "markdown": "- اہل حرب کا خون اور مال مباح ہے جب تک کوئی عہد نہ ہو، اور عہد ہو تو محفوظ ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3604}\n- امان دینے والے سے بدعہدی حرام ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3605}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3606}\n- اہل حرب کو غلہ اور کھانے کی چیزیں بھیجنا جائز ہے، اسلحہ دینا جائز نہیں۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3609}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3610}\n- اہل کتاب حربی عورت سے نکاح جائز ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3610}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/ahl-al-harb",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-23",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "concept/anfal",
  "concept/angels-at-badr",
  "concept/dissuading-from-jihad",
  "concept/ghanima",
  "concept/hudna-fiqh",
  "concept/hujna-fiqh",
  "concept/khums-al-ghanima",
  "concept/sabq-in-islam"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}