{
 "id": "concept/ahliyya",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "ahliyya",
 "label": {
  "ar": "الأهلية",
  "en": "Ahliyya (legal capacity: to have rights and duties, and to act; its stages from the womb to full maturity, and what impairs it)"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "الأهلية لغة الصلاحية، وهي نوعان: أهلية وجوب، وهي صلاحية الإنسان لوجوب الحقوق له وعليه، وأهلية أداء، وهي صلاحية صدور الفعل منه على وجه يعتد به شرعا. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3647} ومناطها الإنسان في أطواره: الجنين، ثم الطفولة، ثم التمييز، ثم البلوغ، ثم الرشد. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3648}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3649}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3650}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3651} وأهلية الوجوب تثبت كاملة منذ الولادة، وناقصة للجنين، وأهلية الأداء تكون قاصرة بالتمييز وكاملة بالبلوغ والعقل. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3649}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3650} وتتأثر الأهلية بعوارض سماوية كالجنون والعته والنوم والإغماء والمرض والرق والحيض والنفاس والموت، ومكتسبة كالجهل والسكر والهزل والسفه والسفر والخطأ والإكراه. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3657}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3658}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3659}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3660}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3661}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3662}",
  "en": "Ahliyya is lexically suitability, and it is of two kinds: capacity to have rights and duties, the capacity of liability; and capacity to act, that is to perform acts recognised by the law. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3647} Its bearer passes through the stages of the foetus, childhood, discernment, puberty and maturity. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3648}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3649}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3650}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3651} Liability is complete from birth and incomplete for the foetus; the capacity to act is partial at discernment and full with puberty and reason. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3649}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3650} It is affected by heavenly impediments such as madness, imbecility, sleep, fainting, illness, slavery, menstruation, childbirth and death, and by acquired ones such as ignorance, drunkenness, jest, folly, travel, error and coercion. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3657}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3658}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3659}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3660}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3661}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3662}"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "law-and-courts"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "term",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "al-Mawsu'a al-Fiqhiyya al-Kuwaitiyya (Noor copy), headword «أهلية», pp.3647-3663 of the scan (ends where «إهمال» begins on p.3663). Very long legal theory of capacity; summarised by its stages and impediments. Qur'anic verses cited by sura and aya only.",
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5",
   "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
   "run": "mawsua-w02-9"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "التعريف",
     "markdown": "الأهلية لغة الصلاحية. وهي نوعان: {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3647}\n- أهلية وجوب: صلاحية الإنسان لوجوب الحقوق المشروعة له وعليه. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3647}\n- أهلية أداء: صلاحية صدور الفعل منه على وجه يعتد به شرعا. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3647}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الألفاظ ذات الصلة",
     "markdown": "- التكليف: إلزام المخاطب بما فيه كلفة ومشقة من فعل أو ترك، والأهلية وصف للمكلف. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3648}\n- الذمة: وصف يصير به الشخص أهلا للإلزام والالتزام، والأهلية أثر لوجودها. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3648}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "مراحل الإنسان",
     "markdown": "الجنين، ثم الطفولة، ثم التمييز، ثم البلوغ، ثم الرشد. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3651}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الجنين",
     "markdown": "أهلية وجوب ناقصة، فله حقوق كالنسب والإرث والوصية، والوقف عند الحنفية والمالكية، ولا يجب عليه شيء. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3651}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3652}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الطفولة",
     "markdown": "تثبت له الذمة الكاملة، فيجب عليه الحقوق ويؤديها عنه وليه، فيؤدى عنه ما يقبل النيابة كالغرم والنفقة، ولا تجب عليه العقوبات. أما العبادات البدنية فلا تجب عليه، وزكاة الفطر والمال فيها خلاف. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3652}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3653}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "التمييز",
     "markdown": "يبدأ عند الجمهور ببلوغ سبع سنين، وتثبت معه أهلية الأداء القاصرة، فتصح منه التصرفات النافعة نفعا محضا، ولا تصح منه الضارة ضررا محضا، والدائرة بين النفع والضرر فيها خلاف: الحنفية يوقفونها على إجازة الولي، والمالكية يجعلونها صحيحة غير لازمة، والشافعية والحنابلة يبطلونها. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3653}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3654}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3655}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "البلوغ",
     "markdown": "يحصل بالعلامات كالاحتلام والحبل والحيض، أو بالسن: قدرها أبو حنيفة ثماني عشرة للفتى وسبع عشرة للفتاة، وقدرها الصاحبان والشافعي وأحمد بخمس عشرة، والمالكية ثماني عشرة للجنسين. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3656}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الرشد",
     "markdown": "صلاح المال عند الحنفية والمالكية والحنابلة، وصلاح الدين والمال عند الشافعية، ولا يسلم المال إلا بالرشد عند الجمهور، وأبو حنيفة يسلم المال بعد خمس وعشرين سنة. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3656}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3657}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "عوارض الأهلية",
     "markdown": "- السماوية: الجنون، والعته، والنسيان، والنوم، والإغماء، والمرض، والرق، والحيض والنفاس، والموت. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3658}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3659}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3660}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3661}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3662}\n- المكتسبة: الجهل، والسكر، والهزل، والسفه، والسفر، والخطأ، والإكراه. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3661}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3662}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3663}\n- الجنون والعته يسقطان العبادات، ولا يؤثران في أهلية الوجوب، والسكر حرام ولا يسقط المؤاخذة، والسفه لا يؤثر في الأهلية ويمنع المال، والإكراه له تفصيل. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3657}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3658}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3661}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3662}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/ahliyya",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Definition",
     "markdown": "Ahliyya is lexically suitability. It is of two kinds: {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3647}\n- Capacity of liability (ahliyyat al-wujub): the suitability to have rights and duties due to or from one. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3647}\n- Capacity to act (ahliyyat al-ada'): the suitability for an act to proceed from one in a manner the law recognises. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3647}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Related terms",
     "markdown": "- Taklif: the imposition on the addressee of what entails effort, to do or to abstain; capacity is a feature of the person who bears it. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3648}\n- Dhimma: the state that makes a person fit to be bound and to bind; capacity follows from it. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3648}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The stages",
     "markdown": "Foetus, childhood, discernment, puberty and maturity. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3651}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The foetus",
     "markdown": "Its capacity of liability is incomplete: it has rights to lineage, inheritance, bequest and, in the Hanafi and Maliki views, endowment, but no duty falls on it. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3651}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3652}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Childhood",
     "markdown": "The child has a full liability, so its dues are paid for it by the guardian where they can be paid by another, such as a debt or maintenance; penalties do not fall on it; bodily worship is not obligatory; and the views on alms differ. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3652}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3653}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Discernment",
     "markdown": "It begins, by the majority, at seven years; capacity to act is then partial, so it validates purely beneficial transactions and not purely harmful ones. Mixed transactions are disputed: the Hanafis suspend them on the guardian's consent, the Malikis make them valid but not binding, and the Shafi'is and Hanbalis void them. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3653}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3654}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3655}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Puberty",
     "markdown": "It is shown by signs such as wet dreams, pregnancy or menstruation, or by age: Abu Hanifa sets eighteen for a boy and seventeen for a girl; the two disciples, al-Shafi'i and Ahmad fifteen; and the Malikis eighteen for both. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3656}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Maturity",
     "markdown": "Maturity (rushd) is good management of property by the Hanafis, Malikis and Hanbalis, and sound religion and property by the Shafi'is. Property is not released without proof of it by the majority; Abu Hanifa releases it at twenty-five. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3656}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3657}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Impediments",
     "markdown": "- Heavenly: madness, imbecility, forgetting, sleep, fainting, illness, slavery, menstruation, childbirth and death. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3658}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3659}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3660}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3661}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3662}\n- Acquired: ignorance, drunkenness, jest, folly, travel, error and coercion. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3661}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3662}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3663}\n- Madness and imbecility remove the duty of worship but not liability; drunkenness is forbidden and gives no excuse; folly does not impair capacity but restricts the use of property. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3657}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3658}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3661}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3662}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/ahliyya",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "تعریف",
     "markdown": "اہلیت لغت میں صلاحیت کو کہتے ہیں، اور اس کی دو قسمیں ہیں: اہلیت وجوب، یعنی حقوق لینے اور دینے کی صلاحیت، اور اہلیت اداء، یعنی شرعاً معتبر فعل صادر کرنے کی صلاحیت۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3647}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "حکم",
     "markdown": "- انسان کے مراحل: جنین، طفولیت، تمییز، بلوغ اور رشد۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3651}\n- جنین کی اہلیت وجوب ناقص ہے، اور بچے کی طرف سے ولی ادا کرتا ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3652}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3653}\n- بلوغ کی علامات احتلام، حمل یا حیض ہیں، یا پھر عمر کا تعین۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3656}\n- جنون اور عتہ عبادات کو ساقط کرتے ہیں، مگر اہلیت وجوب پر اثر نہیں ڈالتے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3657}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3658}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/ahliyya",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-23",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "concept/al-dimuqratiyya-wal-sharia",
  "concept/al-fatwa-ala-al-fadaiyyat",
  "concept/al-ilmaniyya-wal-islam",
  "concept/al-rajm",
  "concept/allusion-to-proposal-in-iddah",
  "concept/aman",
  "concept/amana",
  "concept/amara"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}