{
 "id": "concept/al-jiraha",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "al-jiraha",
 "label": {
  "ar": "الجراحة وأعمال اليد",
  "en": "Surgery, the work of the hand (al-jiraha)",
  "ur": "جراحت اور ہاتھ کے اعمال"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "يجعل ابن سينا في «القانون» استعمال أعمال اليد ثالث وجوه العلاج بعد التدبير والدواء {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.267}. ويضمّ هذا الباب عنده البطّ وقطع العضو الفاسد والكيّ وعلاج تفرّق الاتصال في اللحم والعظم، وفصد العروق {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 pp.289-310}. ويشترط في الباطّ أن يعرف تشريح العصب والأوردة والشرايين، وأن يكون معه ما يحبس الدم من الأدوية {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}.",
  "en": "In the Canon Ibn Sina makes the use of manual operations the third mode of treatment, after regimen and drugs {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.267}. For him this heading takes in incision of abscesses, the cutting away of a corrupted organ, cautery, the treatment of breaks in the continuity of flesh and bone, and the opening of veins {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 pp.289-310}. He requires the operator to know the anatomy of nerves, veins and arteries, and to have blood-stopping drugs at hand {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}.",
  "ur": "ابن سینا «قانون» میں ہاتھ کے اعمال کے استعمال کو تدبیر اور دوا کے بعد علاج کا تیسرا طریقہ قرار دیتے ہیں {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.267}۔ ان کے ہاں اس عنوان میں پھوڑے کا چیرنا، فاسد عضو کا کاٹنا، داغنا، گوشت اور ہڈی میں اتصال ٹوٹنے کا علاج اور رگ کھولنا شامل ہیں {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 pp.289-310}۔ وہ شرط لگاتے ہیں کہ جراح اعصاب، وریدوں اور شریانوں کی تشریح جانتا ہو اور اس کے پاس خون روکنے والی دوائیں موجود ہوں {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}۔"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [
  "tibb-browser",
  "tibb-jiraha"
 ],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "health-body-death"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "scientific",
  "sources": [
   "source/canon-ibn-sina-print-v1",
   "source/canon-ibn-sina-print-v3",
   "source/sahih-al-bukhari",
   "source/hadith-api-fawazahmed0"
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "Canon of Medicine, vol. 1, Book I, Fann 4, chapters 25 to 30 (scan pages 267 and 304 to 310); vol. 3, Book IV, Fann 4 (scan pages 197 to 198); Arabic printed edition (Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1999), read from the OCR on the harvest drive",
   "generated_by": "Claude (claude-sonnet-5-5)",
   "model": "claude-sonnet-5-5",
   "run": "tibb-browser-curated-2"
  },
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Claude (claude-sonnet-5-5)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نظرة عامة",
     "markdown": "يقول ابن سينا في أول فصل من الفن الرابع من الكتاب الأول إن العلاج يتم بثلاثة أشياء: التدبير والتغذية، واستعمال الأدوية، واستعمال أعمال اليد {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.267}. وأعمال اليد هي ما نسميه اليوم الجراحة وما يتصل بها: البطّ، وقطع العضو الفاسد، والكيّ، وردّ العظام وجبرها، وفصد العروق. وهذا السجل يصف ما كتبه ابن سينا ولا يقدّم إرشاداً علاجياً."
    },
    {
     "heading": "البطّ وشروط الباطّ",
     "markdown": "يعرّف الفصل السادس والعشرون البطّ، أي شقّ الخراج وفتحه، ويوصي بأن يجري الشق مع الأسرّة والغضون التي في العضو، ويضرب مثلاً بالجبهة التي إذا شُقّت على غير مذهب غضونها انقطعت عضلتها وسقط الحاجب {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.305}. ويشترط في الباطّ أن يكون عارفاً بتشريح العصب والأوردة والشرايين لئلا يقطع شيئاً منها فيهلك المريض، وأن يكون عنده عدد من الأدوية الحابسة للدم، ومن المراهم المسكّنة للوجع، والآلات والمكاوي، ومما يذكره لحبس الدم وبر الأرنب ونسج العنكبوت وبياض البيض {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}. وبعد إخراج ما في الخراج يحذّر من وضع الدهن والمرهم الدسم، ويؤثر مرهماً مجفّفاً وإسفنجة مغموسة في شراب قابض {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}. ويحذّر قبل ذلك من أن يُظنّ الفتق ورماً باطناً فيُبطّ، فيكون في بطّه خطر {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.305}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "قطع العضو الفاسد",
     "markdown": "يتناول الفصل السابع والعشرون العضو إذا فسد لمزاج رديء ولم يُغنِ فيه الشرط والطلاء، فلا بدّ من أخذ اللحم الفاسد، والأولى أن يكون بغير الحديد إن أمكن لئلا يصيب العضل والعصب والعروق النابضة إصابة مجحفة. فإن تعدّى الفساد إلى اللحم قُطع وكُوي موضع القطع بالدهن المغلي ليؤمن النزف {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}. وإذا أُريد قطع عظم أُدخل المجسّ ودار حول العظم، فحيث يشتد الوجع فهو حدّ السلامة، وحيث وُجد رهل وضعف التصاق فهو مما يُقطع، ويكون القطع بالثقب ثم الكسر أو بالنشر مع حجب اللحم عن آلة القطع. وإذا كان العظم كعظم الفخذ كبيراً قريباً من أعصاب وشرايين وأوردة وفساده كثير فعلى الطبيب عنده «الهرب»، أي ألا يتعرّض له {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الجراحات وتفرّق الاتصال",
     "markdown": "في الفصل الثامن والعشرين يقسم ابن سينا تفرّق الاتصال إلى ما يقع في الأعضاء العظيمة فيُعالج بالتسوية والرباط وصناعة الجبر، وما يقع في اللينة فيُراعى فيه ثلاثة أصول: قطع ما يسيل، وإلحام الشق بالأدوية والأغذية الموافقة، ومنع العفونة ما أمكن {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 pp.306-307}. ويقول إن الغرض في مداواة القروح التجفيف، فإن كانت نقية جُفّفت فقط، وإن كانت عفنة استُعملت الأدوية الحادّة الأكّالة، فإن لم تنجع فلا بدّ من النار {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.307}. ويعود إلى الجراحات في الكتاب الرابع، فيقسمها إلى الشق البسيط المستقيم والمدوّر وما فيه نقص لحم، وما هو غائر وما هو مكشوف، ويجعل حبس الدم ومنع الورم أول التدبير، ويذكر الخياطة فيما لا تلتقي أطرافه {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v3 p.198}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الكيّ وتسكين الأوجاع",
     "markdown": "يعدّ الفصل التاسع والعشرون الكيّ علاجاً نافعاً لمنع انتشار الفساد ولتقوية العضو ولتحليل المواد الفاسدة ولحبس النزف، ويذكر أن أفضل ما يُكوى به الذهب، ويصف قالباً يُدخل في الفم أو الأنف أو المقعدة ليحمي ما حول موضع الكيّ، ويشترط لكيّ النزف أن يكون قوياً ليكون لخشكريشته عمق وثخن فلا تسقط بسرعة {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.309}. وفي الفصل الثلاثين يتناول تسكين الأوجاع، ويذكر الأفيون أقوى المخدّرات، ثم اللفاح والخشخاش والبنج والشوكران، وينبّه إلى أن المخدّر قد يكون له ضرر فيُستعمل مع ما يقابله من الأدوية {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 pp.309-310}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في الأثر المأثور",
     "markdown": "تروي كتب الحديث مداواة للجراح في العهد النبوي، منها ما رواه سهل بن سعد في جرح النبي يوم أحد وما صنعت فاطمة بقطعة حصير محروقة {cite:sahih-al-bukhari 4075}، وما جاء في حسم جرح سعد بن معاذ {cite:hadith-api-fawazahmed0 Muslim 5748}. وتفصيل ذلك في [[concept/mudawat-al-jarha|مداواة الجرحى في العهد النبوي]]. انظر أيضاً [[concept/al-fasd|الفصد]] و[[concept/al-jabr-wal-kasr|جبر الكسور والخلع]] و[[concept/medical-treatment|العلاج في القانون]]."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/al-jiraha",
    "lang": "ar"
   },
   "updated": "2026-11-14"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "In the first chapter of the fourth fann of Book I, Ibn Sina says that treatment is completed by three things: regimen and diet, the use of drugs, and the use of manual operations {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.267}. The \"work of the hand\" is what is called surgery today and what goes with it: lancing abscesses, cutting away a corrupted organ, cautery, setting bones, and opening veins. This record describes what Ibn Sina wrote; it gives no treatment advice."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Incision and what the operator must know",
     "markdown": "Chapter 26 treats incision of abscesses (al-batt). Ibn Sina advises cutting along the folds and creases of the organ and gives the forehead as his example: cut against its creases and the muscle is severed and the eyebrow falls {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.305}. He requires the operator to know the anatomy of nerves, veins and arteries so as not to sever one and kill the patient, and to have to hand a number of blood-stopping drugs, ointments that ease pain, instruments and cauteries; for staunching blood he names rabbit fur, spider's web and egg white {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}. After the abscess is emptied he warns against greasy ointments and prefers a drying ointment with a sponge soaked in an astringent wine {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}. Earlier he cautions that a hernia can be mistaken for an internal swelling, and that opening it is then dangerous {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.305}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Cutting away a corrupted organ",
     "markdown": "Chapter 27 deals with an organ that has become corrupt through a bad temper when scarification and the application of paints have failed. The corrupt flesh must be taken away, preferably without iron if possible, since iron may do heavy harm to muscle, nerve and pulsing vessels. If the corruption has reached the flesh, it is cut and the cut cauterised with boiling oil so that the bleeding stops {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}. To remove bone he passes a probe round it: where pain is sharp the attachment is sound and that marks the limit of safety, and where he finds slackness and weak attachment that part is cut away, by drilling and breaking or by sawing, while the flesh is shielded from the cutting tool. If the bone is a large one like the thigh, close to nerves, arteries and veins, and the corruption is extensive, he says the physician's course is to flee, that is, not to attempt it {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Wounds and breaks in continuity",
     "markdown": "In chapter 28 Ibn Sina divides breaks of continuity into those in large bony parts, treated by reduction and bandaging in the art of bone-setting, and those in soft parts, where three principles apply: stop what flows, join the edges of the wound with suitable drugs and food, and prevent putrefaction as far as possible {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 pp.306-307}. The aim in treating ulcers is drying; clean ones are only dried, putrid ones get sharp, corrosive drugs, and if they fail there is no choice but fire {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.307}. In Book IV he returns to wounds, classing them as simple straight cuts, round ones, those with loss of flesh, deep and exposed ones, and makes stopping the blood and preventing swelling the first care; he mentions stitching for wounds whose edges do not meet {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v3 p.198}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Cautery and the easing of pain",
     "markdown": "Chapter 29 calls cautery a useful treatment to stop the spread of corruption, to strengthen an organ, to dissolve corrupt matter and to stop bleeding. Gold is the best material, and he describes a mould to be passed into the mouth, nose or anus to protect the surrounding tissue; for bleeding the cautery must be strong so that its scab is deep and thick and does not fall quickly {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.309}. Chapter 30 deals with easing pain and names opium as the strongest narcotic, then mandrake, poppies, henbane and hemlock, warning that narcotics can themselves do harm and are used with their counter-drugs {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 pp.309-310}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In the reports of the Prophet's time",
     "markdown": "The hadith books report the dressing of wounds in the time of the Prophet, among them the account of Sahl ibn Sa'd about the wound of the Prophet at Uhud and what Fatima did with a piece of burnt mat {cite:sahih-al-bukhari 4075}, and the report of the cauterising of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh's wound {cite:hadith-api-fawazahmed0 Muslim 5748}. These are set out in [[concept/mudawat-al-jarha|Treating the wounded in the Prophet's time]]. See also [[concept/al-fasd|Venesection]], [[concept/al-jabr-wal-kasr|Fractures and dislocations]] and [[concept/medical-treatment|Treatment in the Canon]]."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/al-jiraha",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "ai"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-11-14"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "جائزہ",
     "markdown": "ابن سینا پہلی کتاب کے چوتھے فن کے پہلے فصل میں کہتے ہیں کہ علاج تین چیزوں سے پورا ہوتا ہے: تدبیر اور تغذیہ، ادویہ کا استعمال، اور ہاتھ کے اعمال کا استعمال {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.267}۔ ہاتھ کے اعمال وہی ہیں جنہیں آج جراحت اور اس سے متعلق امور کہا جاتا ہے: پھوڑا چیرنا، فاسد عضو کاٹنا، داغنا، ہڈی بٹھانا اور رگ کھولنا۔ یہ اندراج وہی بیان کرتا ہے جو ابن سینا نے لکھا، اس میں علاج کی کوئی ہدایت نہیں۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "چیرا اور جراح کی شرطیں",
     "markdown": "چھبیسواں فصل پھوڑے کے چیرنے، یعنی بطّ، کے بارے میں ہے۔ ابن سینا مشورہ دیتے ہیں کہ چیرا عضو کی سلوٹوں اور شکنوں کے ساتھ لگایا جائے اور مثال پیشانی کی دیتے ہیں کہ اس کی شکنوں کے خلاف چیرا جائے تو عضلہ کٹ جاتا ہے اور بھوں گر جاتی ہے {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.305}۔ وہ شرط لگاتے ہیں کہ چیرنے والا اعصاب، وریدوں اور شریانوں کی تشریح جانتا ہو تاکہ ان میں سے کوئی کٹ کر مریض کی ہلاکت کا سبب نہ بنے، اور اس کے پاس خون روکنے والی دوائیں، درد کم کرنے والے مرہم، آلات اور داغنے کے اوزار ہوں۔ خون روکنے کے لیے وہ خرگوش کی اون، مکڑی کا جالا اور انڈے کی سفیدی کا نام لیتے ہیں {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}۔ پھوڑا خالی ہو جائے تو چکنے مرہم سے منع کرتے ہیں اور خشک کرنے والا مرہم اور قابض شراب میں بھگوا ہوا سپنج پسند کرتے ہیں {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}۔ اس سے پہلے وہ خبردار کرتے ہیں کہ فتق کو اندرونی ورم سمجھ کر چیرا جا سکتا ہے اور اس میں خطرہ ہے {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.305}۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "فاسد عضو کا کاٹنا",
     "markdown": "ستائیسواں فصل اس عضو کے بارے میں ہے جو بری مزاج سے فاسد ہو جائے اور شرط اور طلا سے کام نہ چلے۔ فاسد گوشت لینا ہوگا اور بہتر ہے کہ ممکن ہو تو لوہے کے بغیر، کیونکہ لوہا عضلات، اعصاب اور دھڑکتی رگوں کو سخت نقصان پہنچا سکتا ہے۔ فساد گوشت تک پہنچ جائے تو اسے کاٹا جاتا ہے اور کٹی جگہ کو ابلتے ہوئے تیل سے داغا جاتا ہے تاکہ خون رک جائے {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}۔ ہڈی کاٹنی ہو تو جانچ کی سلائی اس کے گرد پھرائی جاتی ہے۔ جہاں درد تیز ہو وہاں جوڑ صحیح ہے اور وہی سلامتی کی حد ہے، اور جہاں ڈھیلا پن اور کمزور جوڑ ملے وہ حصہ کاٹا جاتا ہے، چھید کر کے توڑ کر یا آری سے، اور گوشت کو کاٹنے والے آلے سے بچایا جاتا ہے۔ اگر ہڈی ران جیسی بڑی ہو، اعصاب، شریانوں اور وریدوں کے قریب ہو اور فساد بہت ہو تو ابن سینا کے بقول طبیب کے لیے «بھاگ جانا» ہے، یعنی اس میں ہاتھ نہ ڈالنا {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.306}۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "زخم اور اتصال کا ٹوٹنا",
     "markdown": "اٹھائیسویں فصل میں ابن سینا اتصال ٹوٹنے کو دو حصوں میں بانٹتے ہیں: بڑے ہڈی والے اعضا میں، جن کا علاج جبر کی صنعت کے مطابق برابر کرنے اور پٹی سے ہوتا ہے، اور نرم اعضا میں، جہاں تین اصول ہیں: جو بہہ رہا ہو اسے روکنا، مناسب دواؤں اور غذاؤں سے زخم کے کناروں کو ملانا، اور جہاں تک ہو سڑنے سے بچانا {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 pp.306-307}۔ ناسوروں کے علاج کا مقصد خشک کرنا ہے۔ صاف ہوں تو صرف خشک کیے جاتے ہیں، سڑے ہوں تو تیز کھانے والی دوائیں دی جاتی ہیں، اور وہ کارگر نہ ہوں تو آگ کے سوا چارہ نہیں {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.307}۔ چوتھی کتاب میں وہ زخموں پر لوٹتے ہیں اور انہیں سیدھے سادے شگاف، گول، گوشت کی کمی والے، گہرے اور کھلے میں بانٹتے ہیں، اور خون روکنا اور ورم سے بچانا پہلی تدبیر قرار دیتے ہیں۔ جن کے کنارے نہ ملتے ہوں ان کے لیے سلائی کا ذکر کرتے ہیں {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v3 p.198}۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "داغنا اور درد کم کرنا",
     "markdown": "انتیسواں فصل داغنے کو فساد کے پھیلاؤ کو روکنے، عضو کو قوت دینے، فاسد مادوں کو تحلیل کرنے اور خون بند کرنے کے لیے مفید علاج کہتا ہے۔ سب سے بہتر چیز سونا ہے۔ منہ، ناک یا مقعد میں ایک سانچہ ڈالنے کا طریقہ بیان ہوتا ہے جو داغنے کی جگہ کے ارد گرد کو بچائے، اور خون کے لیے داغ کو قوی ہونا چاہیے تاکہ اس کی کھرنڈ گہری اور موٹی ہو اور جلد نہ گرے {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 p.309}۔ تیسواں فصل درد کم کرنے کا ہے۔ اس میں افیون کو سب سے قوی مخدّر بتایا گیا ہے، پھر لفاح، خشخاش، بنج اور شوکران کا ذکر ہے، اور خبردار کیا گیا ہے کہ مخدّر کا اپنا نقصان بھی ہو سکتا ہے اس لیے اسے اس کی مخالف دواؤں کے ساتھ استعمال کیا جاتا ہے {cite:canon-ibn-sina-print-v1 pp.309-310}۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "عہدِ نبوی کی روایات میں",
     "markdown": "کتبِ حدیث میں عہدِ نبوی میں زخموں کی مرہم پٹی کا ذکر ملتا ہے، جن میں احد کے دن نبی کے زخم کے بارے میں سہل بن سعد کی روایت اور فاطمہ کا جلی ہوئی چٹائی کے ٹکڑے سے علاج {cite:sahih-al-bukhari 4075} اور سعد بن معاذ کے زخم کو داغنے کی روایت {cite:hadith-api-fawazahmed0 Muslim 5748} شامل ہیں۔ ان کی تفصیل [[concept/mudawat-al-jarha|عہدِ نبوی میں زخمیوں کا علاج]] میں ہے۔ مزید دیکھیے [[concept/al-fasd|فصد]]، [[concept/al-jabr-wal-kasr|ٹوٹی ہڈی اور جوڑ اترنے کا علاج]] اور [[concept/medical-treatment|قانون میں علاج]]۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/al-jiraha",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "ai"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-11-14"
  }
 },
 "degree": 502,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-11-14",
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