{
 "id": "concept/ibham",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "ibham",
 "label": {
  "ar": "الإبهام",
  "en": "Ibham (ambiguity in speech and transactions)"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "الإبهام في اللغة يُطلق على الإصبع الكبرى المتطرفة في اليد والقدم، ويُطلق على ما لا يُعرف الطريق إليه. وهو عند الفقهاء والأصوليين الكلام الذي لا يُعرف وجهُ المراد منه، فإن وقع في العقود فسد العقد في الجملة، وإن وقع في غيرها وجب البيان. وإذا جُني على الإصبع عمداً وجب القصاص، وخطأً وجبت عشر الدية. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.1467} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.1468}",
  "en": "In the language, ibham refers to the big finger at the end of the hand or foot, and to whatever has no known way to it. For jurists and usulis it is speech whose meaning is unknown. If the ambiguity falls in a contract, the contract is in general invalid; if it falls elsewhere, the speaker must clarify it. Where a finger is harmed deliberately, retaliation is due; where it is harmed by mistake, a tenth of the blood money is due. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.1467} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.1468}"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "scripture-and-its-sciences"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "legal",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "الموسوعة الفقهية الكويتية، نسخة نور بوك، مدخل «إبهام»، ص 1467-1468 من المسح",
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5",
   "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
   "run": "lib-exp-usul-fiqh-depth-kuwaiti-6"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1,
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5; complete headword on scan pp.1467-1468 (linguistic meanings, usuli sense, ruling in contracts and elsewhere, the finger). The full treatment of ambiguity is in the usuli appendix, not read here. Footnote citations omitted; printed folios not verified"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "الإبهام في اللغة الإصبع الكبرى المتطرفة في اليد والقدم، وفي المعنى الآخر ما لا يُعرف طريقه. وهو عند الفقهاء والأصوليين الكلام الذي لا يُعرف وجهُ المراد منه. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.1467}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحكم الإجمالي",
     "markdown": "إذا وقع الإبهام في العقود كان العقد فاسداً في الجملة، وإذا وقع في غيرها وجب البيان، إما بنص من المُبهِم وإما بالقرعة فيما يُشرع فيه عند بعض الفقهاء، كمن طلّق إحدى نسائه ومات ولم يبيّن. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.1468}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "مواطن البحث",
     "markdown": "يقع الإبهام في كلام الشارع فيكون خفياً أو مشكلاً أو مجملاً أو متشابهاً، وتفصيل ذلك في الملحق الأصولي. ويقع في كلام الناس، كقول الرجل «امرأتي طالق» وله عدة نساء. وتفصيل أحكامه يكون في أبوابه بحسب محل الإبهام، كالنكاح والطلاق والإقرار والبيوع والوصية. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.1467} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.1468}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الإصبع",
     "markdown": "إذا جُني على الإصبع عمداً وجب القصاص، وإذا كان خطأً وجب عُشر الدية. وتفصيل ذلك في الجنايات والديات. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.1468}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/ibham",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "Ibham, in the language, is the big finger at the end of the hand or foot, and also whatever has no known way to it. For jurists and usulis it is speech whose meaning is unknown. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.1467}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "General ruling",
     "markdown": "If ambiguity falls in a contract, the contract is in general invalid. If it falls elsewhere, the speaker must clarify it, either by a text from the one who was ambiguous or, in some jurists' view where it is lawful, by lot. Example: a man who divorces one of his wives and dies without saying which. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.1468}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Places of discussion",
     "markdown": "Ambiguity appears in the speech of the lawgiver (hidden, unclear, general or ambiguous speech, treated in the usuli appendix) and in ordinary speech, as in a man saying \"my wife is divorced\" when he has several wives. Its rules are given in each chapter according to where the ambiguity falls: marriage, divorce, acknowledgement, sales and bequests. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.1467} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.1468}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The finger",
     "markdown": "Deliberate harm to the finger requires retaliation; harm by mistake requires a tenth of the blood money. The details are in the chapter on injuries and blood money. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.1468}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/ibham",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-23",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "concept/al-ahruf-al-sabaa",
  "concept/al-hadith-al-nabawi",
  "concept/al-shamail-al-muhammadiyya",
  "concept/al-sira-al-nabawiyya",
  "concept/al-sunna-al-nabawiyya",
  "concept/amr-nahy",
  "concept/bayan-al-sunna-lil-quran",
  "concept/bida"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}