{
 "id": "concept/jahala",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "jahala",
 "label": {
  "ar": "الجهالة",
  "en": "Jahala (uncertainty in a contract or claim)",
  "ur": "جہالت"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "الجهالة في العقود والدعاوى عدم العلم بالمعقود عليه أو المقر له أو المدعى به. وتقسمها الموسوعة إلى ثلاث مراتب: الفاحشة التي تفضي إلى النزاع فتبطل العقد، ومنها بيع الملامسة والمنابذة، وبيع الجزاف الجائز للحاجة، ويختلف الفقهاء في الأجل المجهول والكفالة والوكالة والإقرار والدعوى. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6626} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6628} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6630} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6632} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6636} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6638}",
  "en": "Jahala in contracts and claims is ignorance of the thing contracted for, of the person in whose favour an acknowledgement is made, or of the claim itself. The encyclopedia divides it into three degrees. The gross kind, which leads to dispute, voids a contract; examples are the sales of touching and throwing, and the sale of goods by lot without weighing, which is allowed out of need. The schools differ on an unknown term, on guarantees, agency, acknowledgement and claims. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6626} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6628} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6630} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6632} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6636} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6638}"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "tradition-versus-culture"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "legal",
  "sources": [
   "source/fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3"
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "الموسوعة الفقهية الكويتية، نسخة نور بوك، مدخل «جهالة»، ص 6626-6638 من المسح",
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5",
   "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
   "run": "mawsua-w04-batch-5"
  },
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 0,
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5; summary of scan pp.6626-6638 read at summary level, next headword جهر at p.6639. Footnotes not checked."
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "الجهالة في العقود عدم العلم بالمعقود عليه أو المقر له أو المدعى به، وتقسمها الموسوعة إلى ثلاث مراتب، والفاحشة منها تبطل العقد. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6626} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6628}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "البيوع",
     "markdown": "بيع الملامسة والمنابذة منهي عنه وفاسد، ويجوز بيع الجزاف بلا كيل ولا وزن للحاجة مع ما فيه من جهالة. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6630} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6632}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الأجل والإقرار والدعوى",
     "markdown": "يفسد الأجل المجهول العقد عند أكثر الفقهاء، ويشترط في الإقرار أن يكون المقر له معلوما، وفي الدعوى أن يكون المدعى به معلوما. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6633} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6637} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6638}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/jahala",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "In contracts, jahala is ignorance of the thing contracted for, of the person in whose favour an acknowledgement is made, or of the claim. The encyclopedia gives three degrees; the gross kind, which leads to dispute, voids the contract. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6626} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6628}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Sales",
     "markdown": "The sales of touching and throwing are forbidden and void. The sale of goods by lot without weighing is allowed out of need, despite the uncertainty. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6630} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6632}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Term, acknowledgement and claim",
     "markdown": "Most jurists hold that an unknown term voids the contract. An acknowledgement needs a known beneficiary, and a claim needs a known object. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6633} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6637} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6638}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/jahala",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5, draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "عقود میں جہالت معقود علیہ، مقرِ لہ یا مدعیٰ بہ کے علم نہ ہونے کو کہتے ہیں۔ انسائیکلوپیڈیا اس کے تین درجے بیان کرتا ہے، اور فاحش جہالت عقد کو باطل کرتی ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6626} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6628}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "بیوع",
     "markdown": "ملامسہ اور منابذہ کی بیوع ممنوع اور باطل ہیں۔ ضرورت کی بنا پر بیع جزاف جائز ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6630} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.6632}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/jahala",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5, draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-23",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "concept/abjad-kings-etymology",
  "concept/al-ghazw-al-fikri",
  "concept/al-idara-al-islamiyya",
  "concept/al-ilam-wal-mas-uliyya",
  "concept/anwa",
  "concept/asma-al-ayyam-wal-shuhur-jahiliyya",
  "concept/ayyam-al-nuhsat",
  "concept/azlam"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}