{
 "id": "concept/udhr",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "udhr",
 "label": {
  "ar": "العُذْر",
  "en": "Excuse (udhr)",
  "ur": "عذر"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "العذر في اللغة الحجة التي يعتذر بها، ويعني رفع اللوم، ولا يخرج الاصطلاح عن هذا المعنى {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11526}. وتتصل به الرخصة، وهي ما شُرع من الأحكام لعذر مع قيام السبب المحرم، والعفو وهو التجاوز عن الذنب وإسقاط اللوم {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11526} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11527}. والأعذار عامة وخاصة، فمنها ما يلازم الإنسان كالاستحاضة وسلس البول، وأثرها في الطهارة والصلاة مبسوط عند الفقهاء في الوضوء لكل صلاة وبطلانه بخروج الوقت {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11527} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11529} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11530}. ومنها الأعذار الطارئة كالمطر والبرد والخوف، ومنها أعذار تبيح الرخص كالسفر والمرض والإكراه والجهل والنسيان والجنون والاضطرار والحاجة والصغر {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11531} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11532} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11535}. وفي العقود تتعلق الأعذار بالإعسار بالنفقة وتأخير رد المبيع المعيب وتأخير طلب الشفعة، وينحل العقد اللازم إذا عرض عذر يمنع الوفاء به إلا بضرر {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11536} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11537} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11538}. ومن كان لا قدرة له فهو معذور من الجهاد، والحرج مرفوع عمن أعذره الشرع {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11538}.",
  "en": "Linguistically, udhr is the reason a person offers in his defence; it means lifting blame, and the technical sense does not depart from it {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11526}. Related are rukhsa, a rule enacted for an excuse while the forbidding cause remains, and afw, the pardoning of a fault and dropping of blame {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11526} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11527}. Excuses are general or specific. Some stay with a person, such as irregular bleeding and the involuntary flow of urine, and their effect on purity and prayer is set out in the rules on repeated ablution for each prayer and on its nullification at the end of the time {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11527} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11529} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11530}. Others are passing, such as rain, cold and fear. Others permit concessions: travel, illness, coercion, ignorance, forgetting, madness, necessity, need and minority {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11531} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11532} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11535}. In contracts, the excuses concern inability to pay maintenance, the delay in returning a defective sale, and the delay in claiming pre-emption; a binding contract is dissolved when an excuse arises that makes its performance possible only with harm {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11536} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11537} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11538}. A person without the means is excused from fighting in jihad, and hardship is lifted from those whom the law excuses {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11538}."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "development-of-law-theology-institutions"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "legal",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "الموسوعة الفقهية الكويتية، نسخة نور بوك، مدخل «عُذْر»، ص 11526-11538 من المسح",
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5",
   "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
   "run": "mawsua-w07-batch4"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1,
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5; headword عُذْر complete on scan pp.11526-11538 (definition, related terms, division, rulings on purity and prayer, travel, illness, coercion, contracts, jihad). The cross-reference group (عَذْراء، عَذِرة، عُذْرة، عذيرة) on p.11539 is skipped. Next headword عِرافة begins on scan p.11539. Footnote citations omitted"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "العذر في اللغة الحجة التي يعتذر بها، ومعناه رفع اللوم {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11526}. وتتصل به الرخصة، وهي ما شُرع لعذر مع قيام السبب المحرم، والعفو وهو التجاوز عن الذنب {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11526} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11527}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "أقسام العذر",
     "markdown": "ينقسم العذر إلى خاص وعام. فالخاص يلازم الإنسان كالاستحاضة وسلس البول، وأثره في الطهارة والصلاة مبسوط {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11527} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11529} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11530}، والعام طارئ كالمطر والبرد والخوف {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11531}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحكم الإجمالي",
     "markdown": "من الأعذار المؤثرة في العبادات الترخص في السفر بالقصر والجمع والفطر، والمسح على الخفين، وإسقاط الجمعة، ومن المرض التيمم والجمع وترك الجمعة والجماعة {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11532} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11533}. ومنها الإكراه والجهل والنسيان والجنون والإغماء والنوم والاضطرار والحاجة والصغر، وكل منها له تفصيل في موضعه {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11533} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11535}. وفي العقود، لا يثبت الإعسار بالنفقة عذراً عند الحنفية، بينما يجيزه غيرهم للتفريق، وتتأخر الشفعة والرد بالعيب بالأعذار المعتبرة، وينفسخ العقد اللازم إذا عرض عذر لا يمكن معه الوفاء إلا بضرر {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11536} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11537} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11538}. ومن لا قدرة له معذور عن الجهاد {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11538}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "مواطن البحث",
     "markdown": "تُذكر تفاصيل كل عذر في موضعه: الطهارة والصلاة، والصلاة والجمعة والجماعة، والصوم، والحج، والاعتكاف، والإكراه، والجهل والنسيان، والشفعة، والجهاد {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11538}."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/udhr",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "Linguistically, udhr is the reason a person offers in his defence, and it means lifting blame {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11526}. It is related to rukhsa, a concession enacted for an excuse while the forbidding cause remains, and to afw, the pardoning of a fault {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11526} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11527}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Kinds of excuse",
     "markdown": "Excuses are specific or general. A specific excuse stays with a person, such as irregular bleeding and involuntary urinary flow, and its effect on purity and prayer is set out in detail {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11527} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11529} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11530}. A general excuse is passing, such as rain, cold or fear {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11531}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "General ruling",
     "markdown": "Among the excuses that affect worship are the concessions of travel (shortening, combining, breaking the fast), wiping over leather socks, and dropping Friday prayer; and illness allows dry ablution, combining prayers, and leaving Friday and congregational prayer {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11532} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11533}. Coercion, ignorance, forgetting, madness, fainting, sleep, necessity, need and minority are further excuses, each treated in its place {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11533} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11535}. In contracts, inability to pay maintenance is not an excuse for the Hanafis but permits separation for the others; the delay in claiming pre-emption or returning a defective sale is allowed by recognised excuses; and a binding contract is dissolved when an excuse arises that makes its performance possible only with harm {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11536} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11537} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11538}. A person without the means is excused from fighting in jihad {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11538}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Where it is discussed",
     "markdown": "Each excuse is treated under its own heading: purity and prayer, Friday and congregational prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, retreat in the mosque, coercion, ignorance and forgetting, pre-emption and jihad {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11538}."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/udhr",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "لغت میں عذر وہ دلیل ہے جو آدمی اپنے دفاع میں پیش کرتا ہے، اور اس کا مطلب ملامت کو اٹھانا ہے {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11526}۔ اس سے رخصت اور عفو کا تعلق ہے {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11526} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11527}۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "حکم کا خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "سفر، مرض، اکراہ، جہل، نسیان، جنون، اضطرار، حاجت اور صغر جیسے اعذار میں شریعت نے رخصتیں دی ہیں {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11532} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11535}۔ عقود میں عذر کی بنا پر شفعہ کے مطالبے یا عیب دار مبیع کی واپسی میں تاخیر جائز ہو سکتی ہے، اور جو عقد لازم ہو وہ عذر کی صورت میں فسخ ہو سکتا ہے {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11537} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11538}۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/udhr",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-23",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "concept/add",
  "concept/adl",
  "concept/adwa",
  "concept/afw",
  "concept/ahd",
  "concept/ajal",
  "concept/ajir",
  "concept/ajnabi"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}