{
 "id": "concept/umm",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "umm",
 "label": {
  "ar": "الأم",
  "en": "Umm (the mother: her rights, status and rulings in fiqh)"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "بر الوالدين واجب على المسلم وإن كانا فاسقين أو كافرين، ومن الأم أولى من الأب بالبر، لحديث: «أمك ثم أمك ثم أمك ثم أبوك». {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3397} وأجمعوا على تحريم نكاح الأم النسبية والرضاعية. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3397} ويجب الإنفاق على الوالدين إن لم يكن لهما كسب ولا مال، وتثبت الحضانة للأم المسلمة، وللأم في الميراث أحوال: السدس، والثلث، وثلث الباقي في مسألتي الغراوين. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3398}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3399} ولا يقاد الوالد بولده، ولا تقطع الأم في سرقة مال ولدها، ولا تقبل شهادة الفرع لأصله عند الجمهور. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3399}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3400}",
  "en": "Honouring the parents is obligatory for a Muslim, even if they are sinful or unbelievers; the mother takes precedence, following the hadith 'your mother, then your mother, then your mother, then your father'. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3397} Marriage to a mother by blood or by milk is forbidden by consensus. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3397} Maintenance is due to parents with no earnings or property; custody goes first to a Muslim mother; the mother has three inheritance cases, a sixth, a third, and a third of the remainder in the two named cases. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3398}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3399} A parent is not retaliated against for killing a child, a mother is not cut off for stealing her child's property, and most jurists do not accept one's testimony for the other. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3399}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3400}"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "family-marriage-kinship"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "legal",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "al-Mawsu'a al-Fiqhiyya al-Kuwaitiyya (Noor copy), headword «أم» (الأم), pp.3396-3400 of the scan (ends where «أم الأرامل» begins on p.3401). Footnote citations omitted.",
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5",
   "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
   "run": "mawsua-w02-9"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "التعريف",
     "markdown": "الأم أصل الشيء، والوالدة، والجمع أمهات. ومن ولدته فهي أمه حقيقة، ومن ولدت من ولده فهي أمه مجازا كالجدة وإن علت، ومن أرضعته ولم تلده فهي أمه من الرضاع. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3396}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "بر الوالدين وطاعتهما",
     "markdown": "بر الوالدين واجب على المسلم وإن كانا فاسقين أو كافرين، وتجب طاعتهما في غير معصية الله، فإن كانا كافرين صاحبهما في الدنيا معروفا ولم يطعهما في الكفر. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3397} والأم أولى من الأب بالبر، لحديث: «أمك ثم أمك ثم أمك ثم أبوك». {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3397}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "تحريم الأم والنظر إليها",
     "markdown": "أجمع الفقهاء على تحريم نكاح الأم النسبية وإن علت، ومثلها الأم من الرضاع. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3397} وفي النظر إليها خلاف في الأعضاء التي يجوز النظر إليها، ويشترط عدم النظر بشهوة. ويجوز للأم أن تسافر مع ولدها لأنه من أقوى محارمها. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3397}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3398}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "النفقة والحضانة",
     "markdown": "أجمع العلماء على وجوب النفقة للوالدين اللذين لا كسب لهما ولا مال، والأب والأم سواء فيها. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3398} وتثبت الحضانة للأم المسلمة اتفاقا ما لم يكن مانع، وتجب إذا تعينت. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3398}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الميراث",
     "markdown": "للأم ثلاثة أحوال: استحقاق السدس فرضا إذا كان للميت فرع وارث أو اثنان من الإخوة، واستحقاق الثلث كله فرضا عند عدم الفرع وعدم اثنين من الإخوة، واستحقاق ثلث الباقي في مسألتي الغراوين: زوج وأم وأب، وزوجة وأم وأب، وسميتا العمريتين لقضاء عمر فيهما. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3398}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3399}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الوصية والولاية والنكاح",
     "markdown": "لا تدخل الوالدان في الوصية للأقرباء، لأنهم يرثون ولا يحجبون، لحديث «لا وصية لوارث». {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3398} وجمهور الفقهاء على أنه لا ولاية للأم على مال الصغير، ويجوز أن يوصى إليها. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3399} ولا ولاية لها في النكاح عند الجمهور، وعند أبي حنيفة وزفر والحسن وهو ظاهر الرواية تجوز ولايتها عند عدم العصبة، وقال أبو يوسف مثله. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3399}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحدود والقصاص والشهادة",
     "markdown": "لا يقام حد السرقة على الأم إذا سرقت من مال ولدها، ولا يحد حد القذف إذا قذفت ولدها، ولا يعزر الوالدان لحقوق الأولاد. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3399}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3400} ولا يقتص للقتيل من أصوله، لحديث: «لا يقاد الوالد بولده»، وقال المالكية يقتص إذا قصد الأصل إزهاق الروح. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3400} ولا تقبل شهادة أحدهما للآخر عند جماهير العلماء، وتقبل شهادة أحدهما على صاحبه. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3400}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الجهاد والتأديب",
     "markdown": "لا يجوز للولد الجهاد إذا كان فرض كفاية إلا بإذن والديه المسلمين. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3400} ويجوز للأب والأم ضرب الصغير والمجنون زجرا لهما عن سيء الأخلاق. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3400}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/umm",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Definition",
     "markdown": "Umm is the origin of a thing, and the mother; the plural is ummahat. The mother by birth is the mother in the true sense; a grandmother, however high, is a mother in the figurative sense; and a woman who has nursed a child without bearing it is the child's mother by milk. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3396}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Honour and obedience",
     "markdown": "Honouring the parents is obligatory for a Muslim, even if they are sinful or unbelievers. They must be obeyed in what is not disobedience to God; if they are unbelievers, one keeps company with them in the world with kindness, without obeying them in unbelief. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3397} The mother takes precedence over the father in honour, according to the hadith in which a man asked who had the greatest claim to his good company, and was told \"your mother\" three times before \"your father\". {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3397}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Marriage, looking and travel",
     "markdown": "The jurists agree that marriage to a blood mother, however high, is forbidden, and a milk mother is the same. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3397} The jurists differ on which parts of a mother may be seen, and all agree that it must be without desire. A mother may travel with her son, as he is one of her closest mahrams. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3397}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3398}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Maintenance and custody",
     "markdown": "The jurists agree that parents with no earnings or property must be maintained by their children, whether the parents are Muslims or not. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3398} Custody goes to a Muslim mother by agreement, unless there is a bar, and is an obligation if no one else can do it. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3398}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Inheritance",
     "markdown": "A mother has three cases: a sixth as a fixed share when the deceased left a child or two or more siblings; a third of the whole when there is no child and fewer than two siblings; and a third of the remainder in the two cases known as the two Gharawain (the Umariyyatan), so called from Umar's judgement. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3398}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3399}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Bequest, guardianship and marriage",
     "markdown": "Parents are not included in a bequest to relatives, since they inherit and cannot be excluded; the hadith says there is no bequest to an heir. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3398} Most jurists hold that a mother has no guardianship over a minor's property, though a bequest may be made to her. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3399} She has no authority to marry a daughter according to the majority; Abu Hanifa, Zufar and al-Hasan, and Abu Yusuf, allow her authority when there is no agnate. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3399}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Penalties, retaliation and testimony",
     "markdown": "The hadd for theft is not applied to a mother who steals from her child's property, nor the hadd for false accusation if she accuses her child, and parents are not punished for the rights of the children. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3399}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3400} A parent is not retaliated against for killing a child, following the hadith \"a father is not retaliated against for his child\"; the Malikis allow it where the parent intended to kill. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3400} One parent's testimony for the other, or for the child, is not accepted by most scholars. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3400}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Jihad and discipline",
     "markdown": "A child may not go to fard kifaya jihad without his Muslim parents' leave. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3400} A father or mother may beat a child or an insane person to correct his bad habits. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3400}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/umm",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "تعریف",
     "markdown": "امّ کے لغوی معنی اصل کے ہیں؛ فقہاء کے نزدیک جس نے جنا وہ حقیقی ماں ہے، اور جس نے دودھ پلایا وہ رضاعی ماں ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3396}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "احکام",
     "markdown": "- والدین کی خدمت اور حسنِ سلوک واجب ہے، ماں کا حق باپ سے مقدم ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3397}\n- ماں اور رضاعی ماں سے نکاح حرام ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3397}\n- بے کس والدین کا نفقہ اولاد پر واجب ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3398}\n- ماں کی میراث میں تین صورتیں ہیں: چھٹا حصہ، تہائی، اور باقی کا تہائی (عمریتین میں)۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3398}{cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3399}\n- قصاص: باپ یا ماں کو اولاد کے بدلے قتل نہیں کیا جاتا۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.3400}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/umm",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-23",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "building/taj-mahal",
  "concept/abawan",
  "concept/adl-bayn-al-zawjat",
  "concept/adl-nikah",
  "concept/afal",
  "concept/ahl-al-nasab",
  "concept/akdariyya",
  "concept/akh"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}