{
 "id": "concept/umum-al-balwa",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "umum-al-balwa",
 "label": {
  "ar": "عُمُوم البَلْوَى",
  "en": "General affliction ('umum al-balwa) and the rulings built on it",
  "ur": "عمومِ بلویٰ"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "عموم البلوى حالة أو حادثة تمس كثيراً من الناس ويتعذر الاحتراز عنها، ويعبر عنه بعض الفقهاء بالضرورة العامة {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11876}. وقد بنى الفقهاء عليه أحكاماً في الرخص، كالعفو عن يسير بعض النجاسات كدم القروح وذرق الطيور، وطهارة الخف والنعل بالدلك، وجواز الاستصناع وإجارة مجرى الماء {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11877} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11878}. وفي الأصول، اختلف الأصوليون في خبر الواحد فيما تعم به البلوى، فقال الأكثرون بقبوله إذا صح سنده، وقال الحنفية لا يقبل مخالفاً لما تعم به البلوى لتقضي العادة بنقله متواتراً {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11878} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11879}. واختلفوا في قول الصحابي فيما تعم به البلوى {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11880}.",
  "en": "General affliction is a situation or event that touches many people and cannot easily be avoided; some jurists call it general necessity {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11876}. On it the jurists built concessions, such as overlooking small impurities such as the blood of sores and the droppings of birds, the purity of a leather sock or shoe cleaned by rubbing, the contract for manufacture (istis'a) and the hire of a water channel {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11877} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11878}. In legal theory, the usulis disagreed on a single report in matters of general affliction; most accept it when the chain is sound, while the Hanafis refuse a report that contradicts what general affliction would make widely known {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11878} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11879}. They also differ on the statement of a companion in such matters {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11880}."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "development-of-law-theology-institutions"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "legal",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "الموسوعة الفقهية الكويتية، نسخة نور بوك، مدخل «عموم البلوى، ص 11876-11880»",
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5",
   "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
   "run": "mawsua-w07-batch47"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1,
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5; headword complete on scan pp.11876-11880 (usul and fiqh). Footnote citations omitted; the usul disputes are summarised; the full treatment is in the legal-theory appendix"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "عموم البلوى حالة أو حادثة تمس كثيراً من الناس ويتعذر الاحتراز عنها، ويعبر عنه بعض الفقهاء بالضرورة العامة {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11876}. وقد بنى الفقهاء عليه أحكاماً في الرخص، كالعفو عن يسير بعض النجاسات كدم القروح وذرق الطيور، وطهارة الخف والنعل بالدلك، وجواز الاستصناع وإجارة مجرى الماء {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11877} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11878}. وفي الأصول، اختلف الأصوليون في خبر الواحد فيما تعم به البلوى، فقال الأكثرون بقبوله إذا صح سنده، وقال الحنفية لا يقبل مخالفاً لما تعم به البلوى لتقضي العادة بنقله متواتراً {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11878} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11879}. واختلفوا في قول الصحابي فيما تعم به البلوى {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11880}."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/umum-al-balwa",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "General affliction is a situation or event that touches many people and cannot easily be avoided; some jurists call it general necessity {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11876}. On it the jurists built concessions, such as overlooking small impurities such as the blood of sores and the droppings of birds, the purity of a leather sock or shoe cleaned by rubbing, the contract for manufacture (istis'a) and the hire of a water channel {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11877} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11878}. In legal theory, the usulis disagreed on a single report in matters of general affliction; most accept it when the chain is sound, while the Hanafis refuse a report that contradicts what general affliction would make widely known {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11878} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11879}. They also differ on the statement of a companion in such matters {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11880}."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/umum-al-balwa",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "عمومِ بلویٰ وہ حالت ہے جو بہت سے لوگوں کو پیش آئے اور اس سے بچنا مشکل ہو {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11876}۔ اس پر فقہاء نے رخصتوں کی بنیاد رکھی، جیسے یسیر نجاست کا معاف ہونا اور موزے یا جوتے کی طہارت {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11877} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11878}۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/umum-al-balwa",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-23",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "concept/add",
  "concept/adl",
  "concept/adwa",
  "concept/afw",
  "concept/ahd",
  "concept/ajal",
  "concept/ajir",
  "concept/ajnabi"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}