{
 "id": "person/al-biruni-muhammad-ibn-ahmad",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "al-biruni-muhammad-ibn-ahmad",
 "label": {
  "ar": "البيروني محمد بن أحمد",
  "en": "Al-Biruni, Muhammad ibn Ahmad"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "ولد بضراحي مدينة خوارزم، من كبار علماء الفلك والرياضيات والجغرافيا والتاريخ في عصره.",
  "en": "Born in Kath, the old city of Khwarazm. One of the leading astronomers, mathematicians, geographers and historians of his age."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "persia-central-asia"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/buyid-seljuk-fatimid-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "astronomy-and-timekeeping",
  "geography-and-cartography"
 ],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 973.0021150331629,
  "latest": 1051.9989459057706
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "0973",
   "hijri": "0362",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "sources": [
    "source/kashf-zunun-furqan",
    "source/mawsuat-a3lam-ulama-adaba"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1051",
   "hijri": "0442",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "sources": [
    "source/mawsuat-a3lam-ulama-adaba",
    "source/britannica-al-biruni"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "kind": "full",
    "lang": "ar",
    "value": "أبو الريحان محمد بن أحمد البيروني"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "roles": [
   "scientist",
   "scholar"
  ],
  "traditions": [
   "sunni"
  ],
  "born": {
   "edtf": "0973",
   "hijri": "0362",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "sources": [
    "source/kashf-zunun-furqan",
    "source/mawsuat-a3lam-ulama-adaba"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "1051",
   "hijri": "0442",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "sources": [
    "source/mawsuat-a3lam-ulama-adaba",
    "source/britannica-al-biruni"
   ]
  },
  "story_roles": [
   {
    "role": "scientist",
    "status": "tradition",
    "sources": [
     "source/mawsuat-a3lam-ulama-adaba"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "sources": [
   "source/mawsuat-a3lam-ulama-adaba"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1,
   "generated_by": "Devin; Mawsuat A'lam vol 4 pp. 274, lib-mawsuat-a3lam"
  },
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "موسوعة أعلام العلماء والأدباء (أليكسو/دار الجيل 2004) ج4 ص274",
   "generated_by": "Devin",
   "model": "SWE-2 High",
   "run": "lib-mawsuat-a3lam"
  },
  "external_ids": {
   "wikidata": "Q11826"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "أبو الريحان محمد بن أحمد البيروني من كبار علماء الفلك والرياضيات والجغرافيا والتاريخ في عصره. ولد في ضواحي مدينة خوارزم (كاث). ولد سنة 362هـ (973م) وتوفي سنة 442هـ (1051م). {cite:mawsuat-a3lam-ulama-adaba} {cite:kashf-zunun-furqan}\n\nتاريخ الوفاة من مصدر واحد، فيحتاج إلى مصدر ثانٍ."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/al-biruni-muhammad-ibn-ahmad",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-16"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "Abu al-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, one of the leading scholars of his age in astronomy, mathematics, geography and history. He was born in the outskirts of the city of Khwarazm (Kath). The encyclopaedia gives his birth as 362 AH (973 CE) and his death as 442 AH (1051 CE). {cite:mawsuat-a3lam-ulama-adaba} {cite:kashf-zunun-furqan}\n\nThe date of death comes from one source and needs a second."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/al-biruni-muhammad-ibn-ahmad",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-16"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "ابو الریحان محمد بن احمد البیرونی اپنے زمانے کے فلکیات، ریاضیات، جغرافیے اور تاریخ کے بڑے عالموں میں سے تھے۔ وہ خوارزم کے نواح (کاث) میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ان کی ولادت 362ھ (973ء) اور وفات 442ھ (1051ء) ہے۔ {cite:mawsuat-a3lam-ulama-adaba} {cite:kashf-zunun-furqan}\n\nوفات کی تاریخ ایک ہی ماخذ سے ہے، اس لیے دوسرے ماخذ کی ضرورت ہے۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/al-biruni-muhammad-ibn-ahmad",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-19"
  }
 },
 "degree": 14,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/abul-tayyeb-tabari",
  "person/hilal-ibn-al-muhassin-al-sabi",
  "person/abu-l-ala-al-maarri",
  "person/ali-ibn-umar-al-qazwini",
  "person/al-tanukhi-al-qadi-abu-al-qasim-ali-ibn-al-muhsin",
  "person/al-ifliili-ibrahim-ibn-muhammad",
  "person/abu-talib-ibn-ghaylan",
  "person/hasan-ibn-isa-ibn-al-muqtadir",
  "person/al-zawzani",
  "person/ibn-makula",
  "person/al-saymari-al-husayn",
  "person/makki-ibn-abi-talib"
 ],
 "updated": "2026-10-28",
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "place/kath-khwarazm",
   "type": "born_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-al-biruni"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/ghazna",
   "type": "died_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-al-biruni"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/al-biruni-flees-to-bukhara",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "العالم اللاجئ",
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-al-biruni"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/al-biruni-at-qabus-court-gurgan",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "المؤلف الضيف",
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-al-biruni"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/mahmud-summons-al-biruni-to-ghazna",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "العالم المطلوب",
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-al-biruni"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/tahqiq-ma-lil-hind-composed",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "المؤلف",
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-al-biruni"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/qanun-al-masudi-dedicated",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "المؤلف",
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-al-biruni"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "place/ghazna",
  "event/mahmud-summons-al-biruni-to-ghazna",
  "event/qanun-al-masudi-dedicated",
  "event/tahqiq-ma-lil-hind-composed",
  "event/alduz-takes-ghazna-603",
  "event/death-ghiyath-ghuri-599",
  "event/ghiyath-leaves-karramiyya-596",
  "event/ghiyath-mahmud-ghuri-killed-605"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}