{
 "id": "person/edhem-pasha",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "edhem-pasha",
 "label": {
  "ar": "أدهم باشا",
  "en": "Edhem Pasha",
  "ur": "ادہم پاشا"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "أدهم باشا (1844 – 17 ديسمبر 1909)، المعروف أيضًا بغازی أدهم باشا، مشير عثماني كان نائب عثمان نوري باشا في دفاع بلفنة سنة 1877، ثم قاد الجيش العثماني الذي هزم اليونان على جبهة تساليا في حرب 1897 فمنحه السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني لقب «غازي»، وتولّى وزارة الحرب أسبوعين سنة 1909 قبل أن يموت في مصر في العام نفسه. وهو غير إبراهيم أدهم باشا الصدر الأعظم.",
  "en": "Edhem Pasha (1844 – 17 December 1909), also known as Gazi Edhem Pasha, was an Ottoman field marshal who was Osman Nuri Pasha's deputy at the defence of Plevna in 1877 and then commanded the army that defeated Greece on the Thessalian front in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, for which Sultan Abdul Hamid II gave him the title Gazi. He was Minister of War for two weeks in 1909 and died in Egypt later that year. He is not Ibrahim Edhem Pasha, the grand vizier.",
  "ur": "ادہم پاشا (1844ء – 17 دسمبر 1909ء)، جو غازی ادہم پاشا بھی کہلائے، عثمانی مشیر تھے؛ 1877ء میں پلیونہ کے دفاع میں عثمان نوری پاشا کے نائب رہے، پھر 1897ء کی جنگ میں تھیسالی محاذ پر یونان کو شکست دینے والی فوج کے سپہ سالار ہوئے جس پر سلطان عبدالحمید ثانی نے انھیں «غازی» کا لقب دیا۔ 1909ء میں دو ہفتے وزیرِ جنگ رہے اور اسی سال مصر میں وفات پائی۔ یہ صدرِ اعظم ابراہیم ادہم پاشا سے مختلف شخص ہیں۔"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "anatolia-balkans"
 ],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 1843.998781631382,
  "latest": 1909.9604372437173
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "1844",
   "hijri": "1260",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "debated",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "The birth year splits. Both articles give 1844 — the Turkish one resting on the TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi entry Gazi Edhem Paşa — and the record follows them; but Wikidata's description styles him '(1851–1909)', one of its two birth-year values is 1851, and the English infobox's death-age template likewise implies 1851 against the 1844 of its own birth field. The birthplace also splits: the English article gives Trabzon, the Turkish article (with the TDV entry) Istanbul, where his father was a customs official; Wikidata's birthplace value is Trabzon (Q45301). Because the birthplace itself is split, no born_in edge is written. The Hijri year 1260 is the tabular conversion of mid-1844.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en",
    "source/wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr",
    "source/wikidata-edhem-pasha"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1909-12-17",
   "hijri": "1327",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "The Turkish article, citing the TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, gives his death on 17 December 1909 in Egypt, whither he had gone for his health after two weeks as Minister of War, and his burial at Eyüp Cemetery in Istanbul; the English article's text agrees that he died in Egypt and was buried at Constantinople in 1909, though its infobox gives Constantinople as the death place against its own text, and Wikidata's death-place value is likewise Istanbul. Egypt has no place entity in the museum, so no died_in edge is written. The Hijri year 1327 is the tabular conversion of 17 December 1909.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en",
    "source/wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr",
    "source/wikidata-edhem-pasha"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "value": "Edhem Pasha",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "أدهم باشا",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "Ethem Paşa",
    "kind": "alternate"
   },
   {
    "value": "Gazi Edhem Paşa",
    "kind": "alternate"
   },
   {
    "value": "غازي أدهم باشا",
    "kind": "alternate"
   },
   {
    "value": "Gazi",
    "kind": "laqab"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "roles": [
   "military"
  ],
  "born": {
   "edtf": "1844",
   "hijri": "1260",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "debated",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "The birth year splits. Both articles give 1844 — the Turkish one resting on the TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi entry Gazi Edhem Paşa — and the record follows them; but Wikidata's description styles him '(1851–1909)', one of its two birth-year values is 1851, and the English infobox's death-age template likewise implies 1851 against the 1844 of its own birth field. The birthplace also splits: the English article gives Trabzon, the Turkish article (with the TDV entry) Istanbul, where his father was a customs official; Wikidata's birthplace value is Trabzon (Q45301). Because the birthplace itself is split, no born_in edge is written. The Hijri year 1260 is the tabular conversion of mid-1844.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en",
    "source/wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr",
    "source/wikidata-edhem-pasha"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "1909-12-17",
   "hijri": "1327",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "The Turkish article, citing the TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, gives his death on 17 December 1909 in Egypt, whither he had gone for his health after two weeks as Minister of War, and his burial at Eyüp Cemetery in Istanbul; the English article's text agrees that he died in Egypt and was buried at Constantinople in 1909, though its infobox gives Constantinople as the death place against its own text, and Wikidata's death-place value is likewise Istanbul. Egypt has no place entity in the museum, so no died_in edge is written. The Hijri year 1327 is the tabular conversion of 17 December 1909.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en",
    "source/wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr",
    "source/wikidata-edhem-pasha"
   ]
  },
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "unknown",
    "basis": "unknown",
    "note": "What each source gives, stated exactly. The English article's text says Edhem was born to a Muslim Turkish family — at Trabzon in its reading — which is his family background, and under the lane rules family background never counts as the man's own attested affiliation. Neither the English nor the Turkish article names a religion or school for him personally beyond that, neither infobox carries a religion field, and Wikidata (Q2749858) carries no religion (P140) value at all. His title Gazi, conferred for the 1897 victory, is an honour, not attestation. With no source attesting a faith for him personally, the value is recorded unknown under the two-source rule and the doubt rule.",
    "sources": [
     "source/wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en",
     "source/wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr",
     "source/wikidata-edhem-pasha"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "external_ids": {
   "wikidata": "Q2749858"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en",
   "source/wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr",
   "source/wikidata-edhem-pasha"
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "English Wikipedia 'Edhem Pasha' (revision 1379838743 of 12 October 2026), Turkish Wikipedia 'Edhem Paşa' (revision 36898106 of 13 March 2026) and Wikidata item Q2749858 (item revision 2528276660 of 6 August 2026), all read directly on 26 October 2026 and the articles re-fetched by revision id with content verified identical. IDENTITY: this is the field marshal (Wikidata Q2749858, described there as 'Ottoman Empire Field Marshal (1851–1909)'), a different man from person/ibrahim-edhem-pasha (1818/1819–1893), the grand vizier, from whom the English article's own hatnote distinguishes him; the distinction is also written into this record's summary. The harvest queue's line reads 'Edhem Pasha (1851–1909)': its death year 1909 is confirmed by all sources, but its birth year 1851 is only one of the readings — both articles and the TDV encyclopedia give 1844 — so the record follows 1844 with the split stated as debated in the born note. The buried_in edge records his burial at Eyüp Cemetery in Istanbul; his death in Egypt has no place entity to link, and his split birthplace takes no edge. His faith is left unknown under the two-source rule, as the faith note sets out in full.",
   "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)",
   "run": "century-additions-44"
  },
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "completeness": 3,
   "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "ملخص",
     "markdown": "أدهم باشا (1844 – 17 ديسمبر 1909)، المعروف أيضًا بغازی أدهم باشا، مشير عثماني. كان نائب عثمان نوري باشا في دفاع بلفنة سنة 1877، وبعد عشرين عامًا قائد الجيش الذي هزم اليونان في حرب 1897، فمنحه عبد الحميد الثاني لقب «غازي». وهو غير إبراهيم أدهم باشا، الصدر الأعظم في 1877–1878. {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en} {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr}\n\nسنة ميلاده متنازع فيها: فالمقالتان والموسوعة الإسلامية التركية التي تستند إليها التركية تعطيان 1844، بينما يعطي وصف ويكيبيانات وإحدى قيمتي ميلاده 1851؛ ومسقط رأسه منقسم كذلك بين طرابزون (المقالة الإنجليزية) وإسطنبول (المقالة التركية). {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en} {cite:wikidata-edhem-pasha}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "مسيرته",
     "markdown": "تخرج أدهم في المدرسة الحربية سنة 1863 وخدم في صربيا والروملي. وفي حرب 1877–1878 قاتل في غورني دوبنيك فأُصيب في رأسه، وقاد موقع غريفيتسا في بلفنة فنال رتبة الباشوية. وبعدها تولّى ولايات قوصوة وإسكوب وبيروت، والقيادة في أضنة وحلب وكريت، ورُقّي مشيرًا سنة 1895. {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "حرب 1897",
     "markdown": "عُيّن قائدًا عامًا في أبريل 1897، فهزم الجيش اليوناني عند ممر ميلونا وأخذ لاريسا وتريكالا، وهزم اليونانيين ثانية في دوموكوس في 17 مايو، واجتاز ممر ثرموبيلاي في يوم واحد؛ فتدخلت الدول الأوروبية قبل أن يتقدم على أثينا. ومنحه عبد الحميد الثاني لقب «غازي» ووسام الامتياز المرصّع. {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en} {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "سنواته الأخيرة",
     "markdown": "بعد ثورة 1908 صار عضوًا في مجلس الأعيان. وفي أبريل 1909، غداة حادثة 31 مارس، عُيّن وزيرًا للحرب فلم يبقَ في المنصب إلا أسبوعين؛ ثم ساءت صحته فسافر إلى مصر وتوفي فيها في 17 ديسمبر 1909. ونُقل جثمانه إلى إسطنبول ودُفن في مقبرة أيوب. {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "معتقده",
     "markdown": "لا يسمّي أي مصدر رُوجع ديانة أو مدرسة لأدهم باشا شخصيًا: فالمقالة الإنجليزية تكتفي بأنه وُلد في أسرة تركية مسلمة، ولا تحمل أيٌّ من المقالتين حقلًا للديانة، ولا تسجّل ويكيبيانات أي قيمة للديانة له. لذا سُجّل معتقده مجهولًا في بيانات المتحف. {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en} {cite:wikidata-edhem-pasha}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "المصادر",
     "markdown": "- كيانات المصادر المعرّفة المذكورة أعلاه، مسجلة في `data/source/`.\n- يجب أن تكون مراجعات هذه المقالة مؤرخة، وأن تسمي المصدر الذي غيّر كل واقعة."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/edhem-pasha",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-26"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "Edhem Pasha (1844 – 17 December 1909), also known as Gazi Edhem Pasha, was an Ottoman field marshal. He was Osman Nuri Pasha's deputy at the defence of Plevna in 1877 and, twenty years later, commander-in-chief of the army that defeated Greece in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, for which Abdul Hamid II gave him the title Gazi. He is a different man from Ibrahim Edhem Pasha, the grand vizier of 1877–78. {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en} {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr}\n\nHis birth year is disputed: both articles, and the TDV encyclopedia behind the Turkish one, give 1844, while Wikidata's description and one of its two birth-year values give 1851; his birthplace is likewise split between Trabzon (English article) and Istanbul (Turkish article). {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en} {cite:wikidata-edhem-pasha}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Career",
     "markdown": "Edhem graduated from the military college in 1863 and served in Serbia and Rumelia. In the war of 1877–78 he fought at Gorni Dubnik, where he was wounded in the head, and commanded the Grivitsa position at Plevna, earning promotion to pasha. Afterwards he governed Kosovo, Skopje and Beirut, commanded at Adana, Aleppo and in Crete, and was made field marshal in 1895. {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The war of 1897",
     "markdown": "Appointed commander-in-chief in April 1897, Edhem beat the Greek army at the Milona Pass, took Larissa and Trikala, and routed the Greeks again at Domokos on 17 May, forcing the Thermopylae pass in a day; the European powers intervened before he could advance on Athens. Abdul Hamid II conferred on him the title Gazi and the jeweled Order of Imtiyaz. {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en} {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Last years",
     "markdown": "After the 1908 revolution he sat in the Senate. In April 1909, the day after the 31 March Incident, he was made Minister of War, but held the post only two weeks; his health failed, he went to Egypt, and he died there on 17 December 1909. His body was brought to Istanbul and buried at Eyüp Cemetery. {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Faith",
     "markdown": "No consulted source names a religion or school for Edhem Pasha personally: the English article says only that he was born to a Muslim Turkish family, neither article carries a religion field, and Wikidata records no religion value for him. His faith is therefore recorded as unknown in the museum's data. {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en} {cite:wikidata-edhem-pasha}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Sources",
     "markdown": "- The defined source entities cited above, recorded in `data/source/`.\n- Revisions of this article must be dated, and must name the source that changed each fact."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/edhem-pasha",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-26"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "ادہم پاشا (1844ء – 17 دسمبر 1909ء)، جو غازی ادہم پاشا بھی کہلائے، عثمانی مشیر تھے۔ 1877ء میں پلیونہ کے دفاع میں عثمان نوری پاشا کے نائب رہے، اور بیس برس بعد 1897ء کی جنگ میں یونان کو شکست دینے والی فوج کے سپہ سالارِ اعلیٰ ہوئے، جس پر عبدالحمید ثانی نے انھیں «غازی» کا لقب دیا۔ یہ 1877–1878ء کے صدرِ اعظم ابراہیم ادہم پاشا سے مختلف شخص ہیں۔ {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en} {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr}\n\nان کی پیدائش کا سال متنازع ہے: دونوں مضامین اور ترکی مضمون کے ماخذ ترکی اسلامی انسائیکلوپیڈیا 1844ء بتاتے ہیں، جبکہ ویکی ڈیٹا کی تفصیل اور اس کی دو قیموں میں سے ایک 1851ء دیتی ہے؛ جائے پیدائش بھی طرابزون (انگریزی مضمون) اور استنبول (ترکی مضمون) کے درمیان منقسم ہے۔ {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en} {cite:wikidata-edhem-pasha}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "عسکری زندگی",
     "markdown": "ادہم 1863ء میں عسکری کالج سے فارغ ہوئے اور سربیا و رومیلی میں خدمات انجام دیں۔ 1877–1878ء کی جنگ میں گورنی ڈوبنک میں لڑے جہاں سر میں زخمی ہوئے، اور پلیونہ میں غریوتسا مقام کی کمان کر کے پاشا کا عہدہ پایا۔ بعد ازاں قوصوہ، اسکوپ اور بیروت کے والی رہے، اضنہ، حلب اور کریٹ میں کمان کی، اور 1895ء میں مشیر بنے۔ {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "1897ء کی جنگ",
     "markdown": "اپریل 1897ء میں سپہ سالارِ اعلیٰ مقرر ہو کر انھوں نے یونانی فوج کو میلونا درے پر شکست دی، لاریسا اور تریکالا لیے، اور 17 مئی کو ڈوموکوس میں یونانیوں کو دوبارہ شکست دی اور تھرموپیلائی درہ ایک دن میں عبور کر لیا؛ ایتھنز کی طرف پیش قدمی سے پہلے یورپی طاقتیں مداخلت کر گئیں۔ عبدالحمید ثانی نے انھیں «غازی» کا لقب اور مرصع امتیاز تمغا عطا کیا۔ {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en} {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "آخری برس",
     "markdown": "1908ء کے انقلاب کے بعد مجلسِ اعیان کے رکن ہوئے۔ اپریل 1909ء میں 31 مارچ واقعے کے اگلے دن وزیرِ جنگ بنے مگر صرف دو ہفتے اس منصب پر رہے؛ صحت بگڑی تو مصر گئے اور 17 دسمبر 1909ء کو وہیں وفات پائی۔ میت استنبول لائی گئی اور ایوب قبرستان میں دفن ہوئے۔ {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "عقیدہ",
     "markdown": "مشاورت کردہ کوئی ماخذ ادہم پاشا کے لیے شخصاً کوئی مذہب یا مکتب نامزد نہیں کرتا: انگریزی مضمون صرف یہ کہتا ہے کہ وہ مسلم ترک خاندان میں پیدا ہوئے، کسی مضمون میں مذہب کا خانہ نہیں اور ویکی ڈیٹا میں ان کے لیے مذہب کی کوئی قیمت درج نہیں۔ لہٰذا عجائب گھر کے ڈیٹا میں ان کا عقیدہ نامعلوم درج ہے۔ {cite:wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en} {cite:wikidata-edhem-pasha}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "مصادر",
     "markdown": "- مذکورہ بالا معرف ماخذ اکائیاں، `data/source/` میں درج ہیں۔\n- اس مضمون کی ہر ترمیم مؤرخ ہونی چاہیے اور ہر تبدیلی کا ماخذ نامزد کرے۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/edhem-pasha",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-26"
  }
 },
 "degree": 2,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/abd-al-razzaq-al-bitar",
  "person/ahmad-urabi",
  "person/ahmed-midhat",
  "person/alpha-yaya-diallo",
  "person/altaf-hussain-hali",
  "person/deli-fuad-pasha",
  "person/gasan-alkadari",
  "person/hasan-rami-pasha",
  "person/huseyn-efendi-qayibov",
  "person/jamaat-ali-shah",
  "person/jassim-bin-mohammed-al-thani",
  "person/kamil-pasha"
 ],
 "updated": "2026-10-26",
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "place/istanbul",
   "type": "buried_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "His body was brought from Egypt and buried at Eyüp Cemetery in Istanbul.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-edhem-pasha-en",
    "source/wikipedia-edhem-pasha-tr"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "building/arap-cami-istanbul",
  "building/atik-ali-pasha-mosque",
  "building/eski-imaret-mosque",
  "building/eyup-sultan-mosque",
  "building/fenari-isa-mosque",
  "building/gul-mosque-istanbul",
  "building/hagia-sophia",
  "building/hirami-ahmed-pasha-mosque"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}