{ "id": "person/hasan-bey-zardabi", "class": "person", "slug": "hasan-bey-zardabi", "label": { "ar": "حسن بك زردابي", "en": "Hasan bey Zardabi", "ur": "حسن بے زردابی" }, "summary": { "ar": "صحفي ومربٍّ أذربيجاني (1837–1907)، وُلد باسم ماليكوف؛ أسس سنة 1875 صحيفة «أكينجي» (الفلّاح)، أول صحيفة باللغة الأذربيجانية، وكان من أبرز رموز حركة التنوير عند مسلمي القوقاز، وداعية إلى التعليم الحديث والمسرح الوطني.", "en": "Azerbaijani journalist, educator and enlightener (1837–1907), born Malikov. In 1875 he founded Akinchi (The Ploughman), the first newspaper in the Azerbaijani language, staged the first Azerbaijani theatrical production, and spent his life campaigning for modern education among the Muslims of the Caucasus.", "ur": "آذربائیجانی صحافی، ماہرِ تعلیم اور روشن خیال رہنما (1837–1907)، ولدیت کا نام ماليکوف۔ 1875 میں انہوں نے «اکینچی» (کسان) جاری کیا جو آذربائیجانی زبان کا پہلا اخبار تھا؛ قفقاز کے مسلمانوں میں جدید تعلیم کی تحریک کے اہم رہنما رہے۔" }, "stub": false, "wings": [ "people" ], "regions": [ "persia-central-asia" ], "periods": [], "tags": [], "aliases": [], "themes": [], "span": { "earliest": 1837.4880387687633, "latest": 1907.907006988476 }, "display": { "start": { "edtf": "1837-06-28", "hijri": "1253", "calendar": "gregorian", "precision": "day", "status": "debated", "derived": true, "note": "Born at Zardab village in Baku Governorate. The Azerbaijani article gives 28 June 1837 and itself notes that some sources give 1842 (citing the Azerbaijan Soviet Encyclopedia); the Russian article's lead agrees on 28 June 1837, though its biography section gives 12 November 1837, citing Efendi-zade (1961). The English article and its Arabic translation give 28 June 1842, and Wikidata carries both years. The record follows 1837, the year of the Azerbaijani scholarly tradition and of the queue, with the split disclosed. The Hijri year 1253 is the tabular conversion of the recorded date. The museum has no place entity for Zardab, so no born_in edge is written.", "sources": [ "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az", "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru", "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en", "source/wikidata-hasan-bey-zardabi" ] }, "end": { "edtf": "1907-11-28", "hijri": "1325", "calendar": "gregorian", "precision": "day", "status": "historical", "derived": true, "note": "Died at Baku. The Russian article gives 28 November 1907; the English article and its Arabic translation print 15 November 1907, which is the same day in the Old Style calendar then in use in the Russian Empire, and Wikidata carries both values. The record gives the New Style date with the calendar split disclosed. The Hijri year 1325 is the tabular conversion. The museum has no place entity for Baku, so no died_in edge is written.", "sources": [ "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru", "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en", "source/wikidata-hasan-bey-zardabi" ] } }, "data": { "names": [ { "value": "Hasan bey Salim bey oghlu Malikov", "kind": "full" }, { "value": "Həsən bəy Səlim bəy oğlu Məlikov", "kind": "full" }, { "value": "Hasan bey Malikov", "kind": "alternate" }, { "value": "Gasanbek Zardabi", "kind": "alternate" } ], "gender": "male", "roles": [ "writer", "teacher", "activist" ], "born": { "edtf": "1837-06-28", "hijri": "1253", "calendar": "gregorian", "precision": "day", "status": "debated", "derived": true, "note": "Born at Zardab village in Baku Governorate. The Azerbaijani article gives 28 June 1837 and itself notes that some sources give 1842 (citing the Azerbaijan Soviet Encyclopedia); the Russian article's lead agrees on 28 June 1837, though its biography section gives 12 November 1837, citing Efendi-zade (1961). The English article and its Arabic translation give 28 June 1842, and Wikidata carries both years. The record follows 1837, the year of the Azerbaijani scholarly tradition and of the queue, with the split disclosed. The Hijri year 1253 is the tabular conversion of the recorded date. The museum has no place entity for Zardab, so no born_in edge is written.", "sources": [ "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az", "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru", "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en", "source/wikidata-hasan-bey-zardabi" ] }, "died": { "edtf": "1907-11-28", "hijri": "1325", "calendar": "gregorian", "precision": "day", "status": "historical", "derived": true, "note": "Died at Baku. The Russian article gives 28 November 1907; the English article and its Arabic translation print 15 November 1907, which is the same day in the Old Style calendar then in use in the Russian Empire, and Wikidata carries both values. The record gives the New Style date with the calendar split disclosed. The Hijri year 1325 is the tabular conversion. The museum has no place entity for Baku, so no died_in edge is written.", "sources": [ "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru", "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en", "source/wikidata-hasan-bey-zardabi" ] }, "faith": [ { "value": "sunni", "basis": "documented", "note": "Two independent sources name Sunni Islam for Zardabi himself. The Russian article states, of his confession, that he 'was a Muslim-Sunni', citing the contemporary survey Periodical Press in the Caucasus (Tiflis, 1901, p. 50). Independently, the English article quotes Tadeusz Swietochowski (Russia and Azerbaijan, Cambridge University Press, 1985) describing the circle of contributors to Zardabi's newspaper Akinchi as 'mainly Sunnis like Zardabi'. Neither source names a legal school within Sunni Islam, so the value is recorded as sunni without a madhhab qualifier. His advocacy of secularism and of modern schooling, set out in the prose, is a position he argued, not a counter-attestation of affiliation.", "sources": [ "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru", "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en" ] } ], "external_ids": { "wikidata": "Q2275525" }, "sources": [ "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en", "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az", "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru", "source/wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ar", "source/wikidata-hasan-bey-zardabi" ], "provenance": { "layer": "own-research", "source": "English Wikipedia 'Hasan bey Zardabi' (revision 1372855046), Azerbaijani Wikipedia 'Həsən bəy Zərdabi' (9000789), Russian Wikipedia 'Зардаби, Гасан-бек' (154702405) and Arabic Wikipedia 'حسن بك زردابي' (76972723, a translation of the English article), all read on 26 October 2026, with Wikidata item Q2275525. The queue gives his years as 1837–1907; the birth year is genuinely split (1837 in the Azerbaijani and Russian articles, 1842 in the English article and some older sources) and is recorded debated at 1837. His faith is recorded sunni/documented on the two independent attestations set out in the faith note.", "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)", "run": "century-additions-32" }, "status": { "review": "published", "completeness": 3, "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)" } }, "prose": { "ar": { "sections": [ { "heading": "موجز", "markdown": "حسن بك زردابي (1837–1907)، واسمه عند الولادة حسن بك سليم بك أوغلو ماليكوف، صحفي ومربٍّ ومتنوّر أذربيجاني. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az} أسس سنة 1875 صحيفة «أكينجي» (الفلّاح)، أول صحيفة باللغة الأذربيجانية، وكان قد قدّم سنة 1873 أول عرض مسرحي أذربيجاني. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} وأخذ لقبه القلمي «زردابي» من مسقط رأسه قرية زرداب. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az}" }, { "heading": "المسيرة", "markdown": "وُلد في زرداب في محافظة باكو، وحتى سنة مولده منقسمة في المصادر: تعطي المقالة الأذربيجانية 28 يونيو 1837 مع تنبيهها إلى أن بعض المصادر تعطي 1842، وتوافقها مقدمة المقالة الروسية في 28 يونيو 1837 (بينما يعطي قسم سيرتها 12 نوفمبر 1837)، وتعطي المقالة الإنجليزية وترجمتها العربية 28 يونيو 1842؛ ويتبع سجل بياناته 1837 بصفة «متنازع عليه» مع الإفصاح عن كل القراءات. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikidata-hasan-bey-zardabi} ودرس الفيزياء والرياضيات في جامعة موسكو. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} وفي 1873 قدّم مع نجف بك وزيروف مسرحية لأخوندوف — أول عرض مسرحي أذربيجاني. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az} وفي 1875 أسس «أكينجي»، أول صحيفة باللغة الأذربيجانية، فصدرت حتى 1877 حاملة برنامج التنوير لجيل من كتّاب مسلمي القوقاز. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} وقضى أواخر مسيرته مدرسًا في باكو وعضوًا في مجلسها البلدي (الدوما). {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en}\n\nتوفي في باكو سنة 1907: تعطي المقالة الروسية 28 نوفمبر 1907، وتاريخ المقالة الإنجليزية 15 نوفمبر 1907 هو اليوم نفسه بالتقويم القديم المعمول به عندئذ في الإمبراطورية الروسية؛ ويعطي سجل بياناته التاريخ بالتقويم الجديد مع الإفصاح عن انقسام التقويم. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikidata-hasan-bey-zardabi}" }, { "heading": "الأعمال", "markdown": "كان عمل حياته صحيفة «أكينجي» (Əkinçi، «الفلّاح»)، الصادرة في باكو 1875–1877 أول صحيفة باللغة الأذربيجانية، وشكّل كتّابها نواة حركة التنوير الأذربيجانية. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az} ويُذكر عرض 1873 لكوميديا أخوندوف مع وزيروف بوصفه الفعل المؤسس للمسرح الأذربيجاني. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az}" }, { "heading": "المواقف والنقد", "markdown": "هذا القسم يعرض المواقف كما ترويها المصادر، وليس حكمًا من المتحف.\n\n**معتقده.** يسمّي مصدران مستقلان الإسلام السني لزردابي نفسه. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} فالمقالة الروسية تنص في معتقده على أنه كان مسلمًا سنيًا، ناقلة عن المسح المعاصر «الصحافة الدورية في القوقاز» (تفليس، 1901، ص 50). {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} وباستقلال عنها تنقل المقالة الإنجليزية عن تاديوش سفيتوخوفسكي («روسيا وأذربيجان»، مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج، 1985) وصفه دائرة كتّاب «أكينجي» بأنهم «في معظمهم سنّة مثل زردابي». {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} ولا يسمّي أي من المصدرين مذهبًا فقهيًا، فسُجلت ديانته «سنيًا» موثقة دون تخصيص مذهبي. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en}\n\n**التنوير والعلمانية.** دعا زردابي في كتاباته إلى التعليم الحديث والعلم والتحديث الثقافي لمجتمع مسلمي القوقاز، وهي مواقف حملتها «أكينجي» ومسيرته التعليمية. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az} ويسجل المتحف هذه الدعوة موقفًا دافع عنه؛ فهي ليست شهادة مضادة في الانتماء ولا تزحزح شهادتي السنة المتقدمتين. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en}" }, { "heading": "المراجع", "markdown": "- كيانات المصادر المعرّفة المذكورة أعلاه، مسجلة في `data/source/`.\n- يجب أن تكون مراجعات هذه المقالة مؤرخة، وأن تسمي المصدر الذي غيّر كل واقعة." } ], "frontmatter": { "id": "person/hasan-bey-zardabi", "lang": "ar", "source_lang": "ar", "translators": [] }, "updated": "2026-10-26" }, "en": { "sections": [ { "heading": "Summary", "markdown": "Hasan bey Zardabi (1837–1907), born Hasan bey Salim bey oghlu Malikov, was an Azerbaijani journalist, educator and enlightener. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az} In 1875 he founded Akinchi (The Ploughman), the first newspaper in the Azerbaijani language, and in 1873 he had staged the first Azerbaijani theatrical production. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} He took his pen surname, Zardabi, from his birthplace, the village of Zardab. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az}" }, { "heading": "Career", "markdown": "He was born at Zardab in Baku Governorate, and even his birth year is split in the sources: the Azerbaijani article gives 28 June 1837 while noting that some sources give 1842, the Russian article's lead agrees on 28 June 1837 (its biography section gives 12 November 1837), and the English article and its Arabic translation give 28 June 1842; his data record follows 1837 at debated status and discloses every reading. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikidata-hasan-bey-zardabi} He studied physics and mathematics at Moscow University. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} In 1873, with Najaf bey Vazirov, he staged a play by Mirza Fatali Akhundov — the first Azerbaijani theatrical production. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az} In 1875 he founded Akinchi, the first Azerbaijani-language newspaper, which ran until 1877 and carried the enlightenment programme of a generation of Caucasus Muslim writers. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} He spent his later career teaching in Baku and serving in its city duma. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en}\n\nHe died at Baku in 1907: the Russian article gives 28 November 1907, and the English article's 15 November 1907 is the same day in the Old Style calendar then in use in the Russian Empire; his data record gives the New Style date with the calendar split disclosed. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikidata-hasan-bey-zardabi}" }, { "heading": "Works", "markdown": "His life's work was Akinchi (Əkinçi, \"The Ploughman\"), published at Baku in 1875–1877 as the first newspaper in Azerbaijani, whose contributors formed the core of the Azerbaijani enlightenment movement. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az} The 1873 staging of Akhundov's comedy with Vazirov is remembered as the founding act of Azerbaijani theatre. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az}" }, { "heading": "Positions and criticism", "markdown": "This section sets out positions as reported in the sources; it is not a verdict by the museum.\n\n**His confession.** Two independent sources name Sunni Islam for Zardabi himself. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} The Russian article states, of his confession, that he was a Muslim-Sunni, citing the contemporary survey Periodical Press in the Caucasus (Tiflis, 1901, p. 50). {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} Independently, the English article quotes Tadeusz Swietochowski (Russia and Azerbaijan, Cambridge University Press, 1985) describing the circle of Akinchi's contributors as \"mainly Sunnis like Zardabi\". {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} Neither source names a legal school, so his faith is recorded as sunni, documented, without a madhhab qualifier. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en}\n\n**Enlightenment and secularism.** Zardabi argued in print for modern schooling, for science and for the cultural modernisation of Caucasus Muslim society, positions carried by Akinchi and by his teaching career. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az} The museum records that advocacy as a position he argued; it is not a counter-attestation of affiliation, and it does not displace the two Sunni attestations above. {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en}" }, { "heading": "Sources", "markdown": "- The defined source entities cited above, recorded in `data/source/`.\n- Revisions of this article must be dated, and must name the source that changed each fact." } ], "frontmatter": { "id": "person/hasan-bey-zardabi", "lang": "en", "source_lang": "ar", "translators": [] }, "updated": "2026-10-26" }, "ur": { "sections": [ { "heading": "خلاصہ", "markdown": "حسن بے زردابی (1837–1907)، ولدیت کا نام حسن بے سلیم بے اوغلو ماليکوف، آذربائیجانی صحافی، ماہرِ تعلیم اور روشن خیال رہنما تھے۔ {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az} 1875 میں انہوں نے «اکینچی» (کسان) جاری کیا جو آذربائیجانی زبان کا پہلا اخبار تھا، اور 1873 میں پہلا آذربائیجانی تھیٹر پیش کیا تھا۔ {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en}" }, { "heading": "زندگی و کیریئر", "markdown": "وہ زرداب میں پیدا ہوئے؛ سالِ پیدائش متنازع ہے — آذربائیجانی مقالہ 28 جون 1837 دیتا ہے اور 1842 کی روایت بھی نوٹ کرتا ہے، روسی مقالے کی تمہید 1837 دیتی ہے (اس کا سوانحی حصہ 12 نومبر 1837 دیتا ہے)، اور انگریزی مقالہ و اس کا عربی ترجمہ 1842 دیتے ہیں؛ ریکارڈ 1837 کو متنازع درج کر کے تمام روایات ظاہر کرتا ہے۔ {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikidata-hasan-bey-zardabi} انہوں نے ماسکو یونیورسٹی میں طبیعیات و ریاضی پڑھی۔ {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} 1873 میں نجف بے وزیروف کے ساتھ آخوندوف کا ڈراما پیش کیا، اور 1875 میں «اکینچی» قائم کیا جو 1877 تک جاری رہا۔ {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az} بعد میں باکو میں تدریس اور شہری دوما کی رکنیت میں رہے۔ {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} وفات باکو میں ہوئی: روسی مقالہ 28 نومبر 1907 دیتا ہے اور انگریزی مقالے کا 15 نومبر 1907 اسی دن کی قدیم تقویمی صورت ہے۔ {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en}" }, { "heading": "کام", "markdown": "ان کا عظیم کام «اکینچی» ہے، جو قفقاز کے مسلمانوں کی روشن خیالی کی تحریک کا مرکز بنا۔ {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-az}" }, { "heading": "موقف و نقد", "markdown": "یہ قسم مآخذ کی روایت کردہ مواقف پیش کرتا ہے؛ یہ عجائب گھر کا فیصلہ نہیں۔\n\nدو آزاد مآخذ ان کے لیے سنی اسلام نامزد کرتے ہیں: روسی مقالہ — معاصر جائزے «قفقاز میں دورانی صحافت» (تفلیس، 1901، ص 50) کے حوالے سے — انہیں «مسلمان سنی» کہتا ہے، اور انگریزی مقالہ سفیتوخوفسکی (1985) کے حوالے سے «اکینچی» کے حلقے کو «زیادہ تر سنی، زردابی کی طرح» بیان کرتا ہے۔ {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} کوئی ماخذ فقہی مکتب نامزد نہیں کرتا، اس لیے ریکارڈ میں مذہب «سنی» بغیر مکتَبی تخصیص کے مستند درج ہے۔ {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-ru} {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en} ان کی جدید تعلیم و سیکولر اصلاح کی وکالت ایک موقف ہے، وابستگی کی مخالف شہادت نہیں۔ {cite:wikipedia-hasan-bey-zardabi-en}" }, { "heading": "مآخذ", "markdown": "- اوپر مذکور معرّف مآخذ، جو `data/source/` میں درج ہیں۔\n- اس مضمون کی ہر نظرِ ثانی مؤرخ ہو اور ہر تبدیلی کا ماخذ نامزد کرے۔" } ], "frontmatter": { "id": "person/hasan-bey-zardabi", "lang": "ur", "source_lang": "ar", "translators": [] }, "updated": "2026-10-26" } }, "degree": 0, "contemporaries": [ "person/abd-al-razzaq-al-bitar", "person/alpha-yaya-diallo", "person/altaf-hussain-hali", "person/cheikh-bouamama", "person/deli-fuad-pasha", "person/gasan-alkadari", "person/huseyn-efendi-qayibov", "person/jamaat-ali-shah", "person/jassim-bin-mohammed-al-thani", "person/kamil-pasha", "person/ma-al-aynayn", "person/mirza-abu-turab-akhundzade" ], "updated": "2026-10-26", "connections": [], "related": [], "license": { "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "data": "CC0 1.0" } }