{
 "id": "person/ibn-rushd",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "ibn-rushd",
 "label": {
  "ar": "ابن رشد الحفيد"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "أبو الوليد محمد بن أحمد بن رشد الأندلسي، فيلسوف من أهل قرطبة يسميه الأفرنج «أفيرويس»؛ عُني بكلام أرسطو وترجمه إلى العربية وزاد عليه زيادات كثيرة وصنف نحو خمسين كتاباً منها «فصل المقال فيما بين الحكمة والشريعة من الاتصال» و«تهافت التهافت» في الرد على الغزالي و«بداية المجتهد ونهاية المقتصد» في الفقه و«الكليات» في الطب المترجم إلى اللاتينية والعبرانية؛ أجلّه الخليفة الموحدي المنصور وقدّمه ثم أوغر عليه خصومُه صدرَه فنفاه إلى مراكش وأُحرق بعض كتبه ثم رضي عنه وأذن له بالعودة فعاجلته الوفاة بمراكش سنة 595هـ الموافق 1198م ونُقل جثمانه إلى قرطبة {cite:al-aalam p. 849}.",
  "en": "Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd of Cordoba — Averroes to the Latins; he devoted himself to Aristotle, translated him into Arabic and wrote some fifty works including Fasl al-maqal, Tahafut al-tahafut against al-Ghazali, Bidayat al-mujtahid and the Kulliyyat on medicine; the Almohad caliph al-Mansur honoured him, then exiled him to Marrakesh and had some of his books burned, then relented — he died there in 1198 and his body was carried to Cordoba {cite:al-aalam p. 849}."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "andalus-europe",
  "maghreb"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/crusades-ayyubid-mamluk"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 1125.9990964906879,
  "latest": 1198.9999110179906
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "1126",
   "hijri": "0520~",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "ولد سنة 1126م {cite:al-aalam p. 849}",
   "sources": [
    "source/al-aalam"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1198",
   "hijri": "0595~",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "توفي بمراكش سنة 1198م ونقل جثمانه إلى قرطبة {cite:al-aalam p. 849}",
   "sources": [
    "source/al-aalam"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "value": "أبو الوليد محمد بن أحمد بن رشد الأندلسي",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "Averroes",
    "kind": "latinized"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "roles": [
   "philosopher",
   "physician"
  ],
  "born": {
   "edtf": "1126",
   "hijri": "0520~",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "ولد سنة 1126م {cite:al-aalam p. 849}",
   "sources": [
    "source/al-aalam"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "1198",
   "hijri": "0595~",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "توفي بمراكش سنة 1198م ونقل جثمانه إلى قرطبة {cite:al-aalam p. 849}",
   "sources": [
    "source/al-aalam"
   ]
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/al-aalam",
   "source/min-al-falsafa-al-yunaniyya-azhar",
   "source/britannica-averroes"
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "الأعلام لخير الدين الزركلي (ط2) — باب محمد، ص849",
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High) from Apple Vision OCR",
   "model": "swe-2-high",
   "run": "lib-alam-zirikli-1"
  },
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High); extracted from al-Zirikli al-A'lam via Apple Vision OCR"
  },
  "external_ids": {
   "wikidata": "Q39837"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "أبو الوليد محمد بن أحمد بن رشد الأندلسي، فيلسوف من أهل [[place/cordoba|قرطبة]]، يسميه الأفرنج «أفيرويس». {cite:al-aalam p.849}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "العمل",
     "markdown": "يذكر الزركلي أنه عُني بكلام أرسطو وترجمه إلى العربية وزاد عليه، وصنّف نحو خمسين كتاباً. منها [[work/fasl-al-maqal|فصل المقال]]، و[[work/tahafut-al-tahafut|تهافت التهافت]] في الرد على [[person/al-ghazali-abu-hamid|الغزالي]]، و[[work/bidayat-al-mujtahid|بداية المجتهد]] في الفقه، و«الكليات» في الطب. {cite:al-aalam p.849}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "المحنة والوفاة",
     "markdown": "أجلّه الخليفة الموحدي المنصور وقدّمه، ثم أوغر عليه خصومه صدره فنفاه إلى [[place/marrakesh|مراكش]] وأُحرق بعض كتبه. ثم رضي عنه وأذن له بالعودة، فتوفي بمراكش سنة 595هـ الموافق 1198م، ونُقل جثمانه إلى قرطبة. {cite:al-aalam p.849}\n\nوُلد سنة 1126م بحسب المصدر نفسه. التواريخ من مصدر واحد وتحتاج إلى مصدر إضافي. {cite:al-aalam p.849}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/ibn-rushd",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-16"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Rushd al-Andalusi, a philosopher from [[place/cordoba|Córdoba]], whom the Europeans call \"Averroes\". {cite:al-aalam p.849}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "His work",
     "markdown": "Al-Zirikli says that he devoted himself to the words of Aristotle, translated them into Arabic and added to them, and wrote about fifty books. Among them are [[work/fasl-al-maqal|Fasl al-Maqal]] (The Decisive Treatise), and [[work/tahafut-al-tahafut|Tahafut al-Tahafut]] (The Incoherence of the Incoherence), a reply to [[person/al-ghazali-abu-hamid|al-Ghazali]]; [[work/bidayat-al-mujtahid|Bidayat al-Mujtahid]] (The Beginning of the Mujtahid), on jurisprudence; and *al-Kulliyyat* (Generalities), on medicine. {cite:al-aalam p.849}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Trial and death",
     "markdown": "The Almohad caliph al-Mansur honoured him and brought him near. Then his opponents turned the caliph against him, and he exiled him to [[place/marrakesh|Marrakesh]] and some of his books were burned. Later the caliph relented and allowed him to return, and he died in Marrakesh in 595 AH, corresponding to 1198 CE, and his body was taken to Córdoba. {cite:al-aalam p.849}\n\nThe source gives his birth as 1126 CE. These dates come from one source and need an additional source. {cite:al-aalam p.849}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/ibn-rushd",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-16"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "ابو الولید محمد بن احمد بن رشد الاندلسی، [[place/cordoba|قرطبہ]] کے ایک فلسفی تھے، جنہیں یورپ میں ایورونیس کے نام سے جانا جاتا ہے۔ {cite:al-aalam p.849}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "کام",
     "markdown": "زرکلی بیان کرتے ہیں کہ انہوں نے ارسطو کے کلام پر محنت کی، اس کا عربی میں ترجمہ کیا اور اس پر اضافے کیے، اور تقریباً پچاس کتابیں تصنیف کیں۔ ان میں [[work/fasl-al-maqal|فصل المقال]] ہے، اور [[work/tahafut-al-tahafut|تہافت التہافت]] جو [[person/al-ghazali-abu-hamid|الغزالی]] کے رد میں ہے، اور فقہ میں [[work/bidayat-al-mujtahid|بداية المجتهد]]، اور طب میں \"الکلیات\"۔ {cite:al-aalam p.849}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "آزمائش اور وفات",
     "markdown": "خلیفہ موحدی المنصور نے ان کی بہت عزت کی اور انہیں آگے بڑھایا، پھر ان کے مخالفین نے ان کے خلاف خلیفہ کا دل بھر دیا تو اس نے انہیں [[place/marrakesh|مراکش]] کی طرف جلاوطن کر دیا اور ان کی بعض کتابیں جلا دیں۔ بعد میں خلیفہ ان سے راضی ہو گیا اور انہیں واپسی کی اجازت دی۔ وہ مراکش میں سنہ 595ھ، یعنی 1198ء میں وفات پا گئے، اور ان کا جسدِ خاکی قرطبہ لے جایا گیا۔ {cite:al-aalam p.849}\n\nاسی ماخذ کے مطابق وہ سنہ 1126ء میں پیدا ہوئے۔ یہ تاریخیں ایک ہی ماخذ سے ہیں اور اضافی ماخذ کی ضرورت رکھتی ہیں۔ {cite:al-aalam p.849}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/ibn-rushd",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-19"
  }
 },
 "degree": 28,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/afifa-khatun",
  "person/al-iraqi-al-khatib",
  "person/al-kindi-abu-al-yumn",
  "person/farid-al-din-attar",
  "person/ibn-al-hurastani",
  "person/ibn-al-jawzi",
  "person/ibn-al-kashshab-baghdadi",
  "person/ibn-al-mandai",
  "person/ibn-kulayb",
  "person/ibn-tabarzad",
  "person/ibn-zuhr-al-hafid",
  "person/imad-al-din-al-isfahani"
 ],
 "updated": "2026-10-28",
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "place/cordoba",
   "type": "lived_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/al-aalam"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/marrakesh",
   "type": "died_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/al-aalam"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/cordoba",
   "type": "buried_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/al-aalam"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "work/fasl-al-maqal",
   "type": "authored",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/al-aalam"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "work/tahafut-al-tahafut",
   "type": "authored",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/al-aalam"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "work/bidayat-al-mujtahid",
   "type": "authored",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/al-aalam"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/al-ghazali-abu-hamid",
   "type": "critic_of",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "رد عليه بتهافت التهافت",
   "sources": [
    "source/al-aalam"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/ibn-rushd-presented-to-the-caliph",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "الفيلسوف المقدم",
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-averroes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/ibn-rushd-caliphal-physician-1182",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "طبيب الخليفة",
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-averroes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/tahafut-al-tahafut-written-575",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "المصنف",
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-averroes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/ibn-rushd-exiled-to-lucena-591",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "المنفي",
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-averroes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/ibn-sina",
   "type": "influenced_by",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "work/reconstruction-religious-thought-islam",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/iqbal-reconstruction-religious-thought"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "screen/al-massir-1997",
   "type": "subject_of",
   "inverse": true
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "place/cordoba",
  "person/ibn-qatral",
  "event/ibn-rushd-caliphal-physician-1182",
  "event/tahafut-al-tahafut-written-575",
  "person/al-ghazali-abu-hamid",
  "place/marrakesh",
  "screen/al-massir-1997",
  "work/reconstruction-religious-thought-islam"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}