{
 "id": "person/mahmudkhodja-behbudiy",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "mahmudkhodja-behbudiy",
 "label": {
  "ar": "محمود خواجه بهبودي",
  "en": "Mahmudkhodja Behbudiy",
  "ur": "محمود خواجہ بہبودی"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "محمودخوجا بهبودي (1875–1919)، كاتب وناشر أوزبكي من قادة الجديدية في تركستان الروسية، أصدر مجلة «آيينه» وصحيفة «سمرقند» وكتب أول مسرحية عصرية في آسيا الوسطى «بادركوش»، وكان قاضيًا ومفتيًا في سمرقند، فاعتُقل وأُعدم في قرشي سنة 1919.",
  "en": "Mahmudkhodja Behbudiy (1875–1919) was an Uzbek writer and publisher, a leader of Jadidism in Russian Turkestan, who issued the magazine Ayina and the newspaper Samarkand, wrote the first modern Central Asian play, Padarkush, served as qadi and mufti in Samarkand, and was arrested and executed at Qarshi in 1919.",
  "ur": "محمود خواجہ بہبودی (1875–1919) ازبک مصنف اور ناشر، روسی ترکستان میں جدیدیت کے رہنماؤں میں سے تھے؛ انہوں نے رسالہ «آئینہ» اور اخبار «سمرقند» جاری کیا، وسطی ایشیا کا پہلا جدید ڈراما «پدرکش» لکھا، سمرقند میں قاضی اور مفتی رہے، اور 1919 میں قرشی میں گرفتار کر کے پھانسی دیے گئے۔"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "persia-central-asia"
 ],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 1875.0521229046456,
  "latest": 1919.2282524623733
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "1875-01-20",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": false,
   "note": "Born on 20 January 1875 (new calendar) in the village of Bakhshitepa on the outskirts of Samarkand. The English and Urdu articles, the Russian article's lead text, the Uzbek article and Wikidata all give 20 January; the Russian article's own infobox gives 30 January, an internal inconsistency that is not followed. No Hijri pairing is attested in the sources read, so no hijri key is carried.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-en",
    "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-ru",
    "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-uz",
    "source/wikidata-behbudiy"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1919-03-25",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": false,
   "note": "Executed at Qarshi on 25 March 1919 after his arrest by the last Emir of Bukhara and a period of imprisonment and torture; the English, Russian, Uzbek and Urdu articles and Wikidata all agree on the day (Wikidata also carries a year-precision 1919 value). No place entity exists for Qarshi, so no died_in edge is written. No Hijri pairing is attested in the sources read, so no hijri key is carried.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-en",
    "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-ru",
    "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-uz",
    "source/wikidata-behbudiy"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "value": "Mahmudkhodja Behbudiy",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "Маҳмудхўжа Беҳбудий",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "Mahmud Khoja Behbudiy",
    "kind": "alternate"
   },
   {
    "value": "Mahmudkhodja ibn Behbud Khodja",
    "kind": "alternate"
   },
   {
    "value": "Махмудходжа Бехбуди",
    "kind": "alternate"
   }
  ],
  "born": {
   "edtf": "1875-01-20",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": false,
   "note": "Born on 20 January 1875 (new calendar) in the village of Bakhshitepa on the outskirts of Samarkand. The English and Urdu articles, the Russian article's lead text, the Uzbek article and Wikidata all give 20 January; the Russian article's own infobox gives 30 January, an internal inconsistency that is not followed. No Hijri pairing is attested in the sources read, so no hijri key is carried.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-en",
    "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-ru",
    "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-uz",
    "source/wikidata-behbudiy"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "1919-03-25",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": false,
   "note": "Executed at Qarshi on 25 March 1919 after his arrest by the last Emir of Bukhara and a period of imprisonment and torture; the English, Russian, Uzbek and Urdu articles and Wikidata all agree on the day (Wikidata also carries a year-precision 1919 value). No place entity exists for Qarshi, so no died_in edge is written. No Hijri pairing is attested in the sources read, so no hijri key is carried.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-en",
    "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-ru",
    "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-uz",
    "source/wikidata-behbudiy"
   ]
  },
  "roles": [
   "scholar",
   "writer",
   "activist"
  ],
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "unknown",
    "basis": "unknown",
    "note": "FLAGGED: the Hanafi reading rests on one infobox family — the Russian article's infobox gives his religion as Islam (Hanafi madhhab), the only school statement for him in any of the six editions read, referenced to no text. The texts attest his descent from a family of Islamic scholars, his madrasa education, and his offices of qadi (English, Urdu, Uzbek texts) and mufti (Russian and Uzbek texts) — formation and office-holding, which never attest a school; Wikidata's religion value is Islam in general, which does not corroborate the branch, and the Urdu categories' filing of him under muftis is a filing. One infobox short of the two-source bar, the segment is unknown, with the Hanafi infobox reading preserved here.",
    "sources": [
     "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-en",
     "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-ru",
     "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-uz",
     "source/wikidata-behbudiy"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "external_ids": {
   "wikidata": "Q1884979"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-en",
   "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-ru",
   "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-uz",
   "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-ur",
   "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-kk",
   "source/wikidata-behbudiy"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "published"
  },
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "English, Russian, Uzbek, Urdu and Kazakh Wikipedia articles on Mahmudkhodja Behbudiy and Wikidata item Q1884979, each read at a recorded revision; existence checked both ways before building — name fragments (behbud, behbudi) and slug variants across data/person found only person/behbud-khan-javanshir, the Azerbaijani statesman Behbud Khan Javanshir (1878–1921), a different person whose biography and provenance were read and confirmed distinct, and Q1884979, grounded through the English article's page properties and confirmed through the Russian, Uzbek, Urdu and Kazakh articles', matched no existing record. A born_in edge to place/samarqand is written; no died_in edge is written because no place entity exists for Qarshi. The Urdu article is a translation of the English and is counted as the same source family.",
   "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)",
   "run": "century-additions-102"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "حياته ومناصبه",
     "markdown": "وُلد في 20 يناير 1875م في قرية بخشي تبه على أطراف سمرقند في أسرة من علماء الإسلام؛ ويعطي صندوق المعلومات في المقالة الروسية 30 يناير خلافًا لمتنها نفسه ولكل الطبعات الأخرى {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-en} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru} {cite:wikidata-behbudiy}. درس في مدرسة بسمرقند، وعمل كاتبًا وأمينًا لمحاكم القضاة، ثم صار قاضيًا — ومفتيًا لسمرقند في الروايتين الروسية والأوزبكية {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-en} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-uz}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "النشر والمسرح",
     "markdown": "افتتح في 1903–1904م إحدى أولى المدارس بالطريقة الجديدة في سمرقند، وألّف كتبًا دراسية منها «مختصر جغرافية روسيا»، وقدّم سنة 1911م مسرحيته «بادركوش» (قاتل الأب)، أول دراما عصرية في آسيا الوسطى {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-en}. وفي 1913م أصدر صحيفة «سمرقند» ومجلة «آيينه» التي حملت مناظرات الحركة الجديدية حتى إغلاقات زمن الحرب {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-en} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-uz}. لا توجد طبعة عربية لمقالته، فكُتب هذا النص العربي من المصادر المتاحة."
    },
    {
     "heading": "رحلاته وحجّه",
     "markdown": "سافر كثيرًا: رحلته الأولى سنة 1899م قادته إلى إسطنبول والقاهرة ومكة والمدينة في رحلة حج، وعاد عبر القوقاز وإيران؛ ورحلة ثانية سنة 1914م إلى إسطنبول وأدرنة غذّت تقارير «آيينه»، وفي سيونيك بأرمينيا أسّس مدرسة {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-en} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "وفاته",
     "markdown": "بعد ثورة فبراير جلس في مجلس مدينة سمرقند، وقاد في أبريل 1917م انتخاب اللجنة التنفيذية الإسلامية في المدينة؛ وفي سنوات الحرب الأهلية قُبض عليه في رحلة جنوبية، واعتُقل وعُذّب في قرشي، وأُعدم فيها في 25 مارس 1919م بأمر آخر أمراء بخارى {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-en} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "عقيدته",
     "markdown": "بيان المدرسة الوحيد لبهبودي في أي من الطبعات الست المقروءة يقف في صندوق معلومات المقالة الروسية — الإسلام (المذهب الحنفي) — وهو عائلة صندوق واحدة لا تُسند إلى نص؛ فالنصوص تذكر أسرته العلمية ودراسته في المدرسة ومنصبَيه قاضيًا ومفتيًا، وكل ذلك لا يثبت مدرسة، وقيمة الدين في ويكي بيانات هي الإسلام عمومًا {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-en} {cite:wikidata-behbudiy}. لذلك سُجّلت عقيدته غير معروفة، موسومة بعلم، مع حفظ القراءة الحنفية في ملاحظة السجل."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Sources",
     "markdown": "- The defined source entities cited above, recorded in `data/source/`.\n- Revisions of this article must be dated, and must name the source that changed each fact."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/mahmudkhodja-behbudiy",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-27"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Life and office",
     "markdown": "He was born on 20 January 1875 in the village of Bakhshitepa on the outskirts of Samarkand, into a family of Islamic scholars; the Russian article's infobox gives 30 January against its own lead and every other edition {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-en} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru} {cite:wikidata-behbudiy}. He studied at a madrasa in Samarkand, worked as a scribe and secretary to the qadi courts, and himself became a qadi and, in the Russian and Uzbek accounts, mufti of Samarkand {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-en} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-uz}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Publishing and theatre",
     "markdown": "In 1903–1904 he opened one of the first new-method schools at Samarkand, published textbooks such as Mukhtasar-i jugrofiya-yi Rusi, and in 1911 staged his play Padarkush (The Murderer of the Father), the first modern drama in Central Asia {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-en}. In 1913 he launched the newspaper Samarkand and the magazine Ayina, which carried the debates of the Jadid movement until the wartime closures {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-en} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-uz}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Travels and the hajj",
     "markdown": "He travelled widely: a first journey in 1899 took him to Istanbul, Cairo, Mecca and Medina on the hajj, and he returned via the Caucasus and Iran; a second journey in 1914 to Istanbul and Edirne fed reports in Ayina, and in Syunik in Armenia he founded a school {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-en} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Death",
     "markdown": "After the February Revolution he sat on the Samarkand city council and in April 1917 led the election of the city's Muslim executive committee; in the civil-war years he was seized on a journey south, held and tortured at Qarshi, and executed there on 25 March 1919 on the orders of the last Emir of Bukhara {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-en} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Faith",
     "markdown": "The only school statement for Behbudiy in any of the six editions read stands in the Russian article's infobox — Islam (Hanafi madhhab) — one infobox family referenced to no text; the texts attest his scholarly family, his madrasa education and his offices of qadi and mufti, which do not attest a school, and Wikidata's religion value is Islam in general {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-en} {cite:wikidata-behbudiy}. His faith segment is therefore recorded as unknown, flagged, with the Hanafi infobox reading preserved in the record's note."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Sources",
     "markdown": "- The defined source entities cited above, recorded in `data/source/`.\n- Revisions of this article must be dated, and must name the source that changed each fact."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/mahmudkhodja-behbudiy",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-27"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "زندگی اور مناصب",
     "markdown": "وہ 20 جنوری 1875 کو سمرقند کے نواحی گاؤں بخشی تپہ میں اہلِ علم کے گھرانے میں پیدا ہوئے؛ روسی مضمون کا انفوباکس اپنے ہی متن اور تمام دیگر طبعات کے خلاف 30 جنوری دیتا ہے {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ur} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru} {cite:wikidata-behbudiy}۔ انہوں نے سمرقند کے مدرسے میں تعلیم پائی، قاضیوں کی عدالتوں میں کاتب اور امین رہے، اور خود قاضی بنے — روسی اور ازبک روایات میں سمرقند کے مفتی بھی {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ur} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-uz}۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "اشاعت اور تھیٹر",
     "markdown": "1903–1904 میں انہوں نے سمرقند میں پہلے جدید طرز کے اسکولوں میں سے ایک کھولا، «مختصرِ جغرافیۂ روس» جیسی درسی کتابیں شائع کیں، اور 1911 میں اپنا ڈراما «پدرکش» (باپ کا قاتل) پیش کیا، جو وسطی ایشیا کا پہلا جدید ڈراما تھا {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ur}۔ 1913 میں اخبار «سمرقند» اور رسالہ «آئینہ» جاری کیا جو جنگ کے دور کی بندشوں تک جدید تحریک کی بحثوں کا محرک رہا {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ur} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-uz}۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "سفر اور حج",
     "markdown": "انہوں نے خوب سفر کیا: 1899 کی پہلی رحلہ انہیں حج کے لیے استنبول، قاہرہ، مکہ اور مدینہ لے گئی اور وہ قفقاز و ایران سے لوٹے؛ 1914 کی دوسری رحلہ استنبول اور ادرنہ تک گئی جس کی رپورٹیں «آئینہ» میں چھپیں، اور آرمینیا کے سیونیک میں انہوں نے ایک اسکول قائم کیا {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ur} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru}۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "وفات",
     "markdown": "فروری انقلاب کے بعد وہ سمرقند کی سٹی کونسل کے رکن رہے اور اپریل 1917 میں شہر کی مسلم ایگزیکٹو کمیٹی کے انتخابات کی قیادت کی؛ خانہ جنگی کے سالوں میں جنوبی سفر کے دوران گرفتار ہوئے، قرشی میں قید و اذیت برداشت کی اور 25 مارچ 1919 کو آخری امیرِ بخارا کے حکم پر وہیں پھانسی دیے گئے {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ur} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru}۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "عقیدہ",
     "markdown": "چھٹیوں پڑھی گئی طبعات میں بہبودی کے مکتب کا واحد بیان روسی مضمون کے انفوباکس میں ہے — اسلام (حنفی مذہب) — جو ایک ہی انفوباکس خاندان ہے اور کسی متن سے مستند نہیں؛ متن ان کے علمی گھرانے، مدرسے کی تعلیم اور قاضی و مفتی کے مناصب کا ذکر کرتے ہیں، جو مکتب ثابت نہیں کرتے، اور ویکی ڈیٹا کی مذہب قدر عمومی اسلام ہے {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ru} {cite:wikipedia-behbudiy-ur} {cite:wikidata-behbudiy}۔ اس لیے ان کا عقیدہ نامعلوم درج ہے، نشان زدہ، اور حنفی انفوباکس قرأت ریکارڈ کے نوٹ میں محفوظ ہے۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Sources",
     "markdown": "- The defined source entities cited above, recorded in `data/source/`.\n- Revisions of this article must be dated, and must name the source that changed each fact."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/mahmudkhodja-behbudiy",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-27"
  }
 },
 "degree": 4,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/a-k-fazlul-huq",
  "person/abadi-bano-begum",
  "person/abbas-hilmi-ii",
  "person/abd-al-hafid-of-morocco",
  "person/abd-al-qadir-al-maghribi",
  "person/abdel-khalek-sarwat-pasha",
  "person/abdul-haq",
  "person/abdul-karim-khan",
  "person/abdul-rahman-limbong",
  "person/abdullah-cevdet",
  "person/abdullah-haroon",
  "person/abdulmecid-ii"
 ],
 "updated": "2026-10-27",
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "person/abdurauf-fitrat",
   "type": "teacher_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "note": "The English article states that Mahmudkhodja Behbudiy was a mentor to Fitrat (Encyclopaedia Iranica); Fitrat published in Behbudiy's journal Oyina, and Behbudiy wrote a foreword to his Bayonoti sayyohi hindi and translated it into Russian.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-fitrat-en"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/samarqand",
   "type": "born_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "Born in the village of Bakhshitepa on the outskirts of Samarkand, as the English article and the Russian article's lead attest.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-en",
    "source/wikipedia-behbudiy-ru"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "event/qutam-death-samarqand",
  "event/qutayba-samarqand",
  "event/samarqand-betrayal-605",
  "event/sanjar-qara-khitai-defeat-536",
  "event/siege-of-samarqand-said",
  "event/timur-rise-773",
  "event/ulugh-beg-observatory-samarqand",
  "event/umar-ii-samarqand-ruling"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}