{
 "id": "person/mhamed-el-khattabi",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "mhamed-el-khattabi",
 "label": {
  "ar": "امحمد بن عبد الكريم الخطابي",
  "en": "M'hamed el-Khattabi",
  "ur": "امحمد بن عبد الکریم خطابی"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "قائد عسكري ريفي (1892–1967)؛ الأخ الأصغر لعبد الكريم الخطابي، درس هندسة المناجم بمدريد، وكان القائد الأعلى لجيش جمهورية الريف ونائب رئيسها، وقاد حملات شفشاون وتطوان ووادي ورغة، ونُفي مع أسرته إلى ريونيون ثم القاهرة، وعاد إلى المغرب فتوفي بالرباط ودُفن بأجدير.",
  "en": "Riffian military leader (1892–1967), the younger brother of Abd el-Krim. He studied mine engineering in Madrid, was supreme chief of the Republic of the Rif's army and its vice-president, and led the Chefchaouen, Tetouan and Ouergha campaigns; exiled with his family to Réunion and then Cairo, he returned to Morocco and died in Rabat, and was buried at Ajdir.",
  "ur": "ریفی عسکری قائد (1892–1967)؛ عبد الکریم خطابی کے چھوٹے بھائی، میڈرڈ میں کان کنی کی انجینئرنگ پڑھی، جمہوریۂ ریف کی فوج کے سپریم کمانڈر اور نائب صدر رہے، شفشاون، تطوان اور ورغہ کی مہمات کی قیادت کی؛ خاندان کے ساتھ ری یونین اور پھر قاہرہ جلاوطن رہے، مراکش واپس آئے تو رباط میں وفات پائی اور اخدیر میں دفن ہوئے۔"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "maghreb"
 ],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 1891.9997672779043,
  "latest": 1967.9602592797619
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "1892",
   "hijri": "1309",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "debated",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "Born at Ajdir. The French and Spanish articles and Wikidata give 1892, the Spanish article noting that some sources give 1897 and that 1892 is the more accepted figure, he being ten years younger than his brother Abd el-Krim (born 1882). The lane queue gives 1886, which no source supports; it is not followed. Ajdir has no place entity, so no born_in edge is written. The Hijri year is the tabular conversion of the Gregorian year.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr",
    "source/wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es",
    "source/wikidata-mhamed-el-khattabi"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1967-12-17",
   "hijri": "1387",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "Died of a heart attack in Rabat on 17 December 1967 (Spanish article and Wikidata; the French article gives Rabat, 1967) and was buried in his home town of Ajdir with honours. Neither Rabat nor Ajdir has a place entity, so no died_in or buried_in edge is written. The Hijri year is the tabular conversion.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es",
    "source/wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr",
    "source/wikidata-mhamed-el-khattabi"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "value": "امحمد بن عبد الكريم الخطابي",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "M'hamed ben Abdelkrim El Khattabi",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "Mhamed Abd el-Krim",
    "kind": "alternate"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "roles": [
   "general",
   "politician"
  ],
  "born": {
   "edtf": "1892",
   "hijri": "1309",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "debated",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "Born at Ajdir. The French and Spanish articles and Wikidata give 1892, the Spanish article noting that some sources give 1897 and that 1892 is the more accepted figure, he being ten years younger than his brother Abd el-Krim (born 1882). The lane queue gives 1886, which no source supports; it is not followed. Ajdir has no place entity, so no born_in edge is written. The Hijri year is the tabular conversion of the Gregorian year.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr",
    "source/wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es",
    "source/wikidata-mhamed-el-khattabi"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "1967-12-17",
   "hijri": "1387",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "Died of a heart attack in Rabat on 17 December 1967 (Spanish article and Wikidata; the French article gives Rabat, 1967) and was buried in his home town of Ajdir with honours. Neither Rabat nor Ajdir has a place entity, so no died_in or buried_in edge is written. The Hijri year is the tabular conversion.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es",
    "source/wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr",
    "source/wikidata-mhamed-el-khattabi"
   ]
  },
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "unknown",
    "basis": "unknown",
    "note": "No source names a school or order for him personally. The French article's infobox gives his religion as Islam, without a branch; the Spanish article carries no religion field and files him under Muslims of Morocco, a category. His father was qadi of the Ait Ouriaghel — family background and office, which never count. Recorded unknown under the doubt rule.",
    "sources": [
     "source/wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr",
     "source/wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es",
     "source/wikidata-mhamed-el-khattabi"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "external_ids": {
   "wikidata": "Q97961898"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr",
   "source/wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es",
   "source/wikidata-mhamed-el-khattabi"
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "French and Spanish Wikipedia articles on M'hamed el-Khattabi, each fetched by its recorded revision id (FR 235431596, ES 172286255) with the returned id asserted equal before use, and Wikidata item Q97961898 (revision 2402136902). He has no English, Arabic or Urdu Wikipedia article; the Arabic and Urdu prose are written from the French and Spanish articles. Existence checks by name fragments (Khattabi, Mhamed, الخطابي) and by QID across data/person and data/source found no prior record for him. The lane queue gives 1886–1967: the death year is confirmed, but no source supports 1886 for his birth — the articles give 1892 (with a 1897 variant noted) — and the record follows the sources, with the discrepancy disclosed in the born note. The sibling_of edge to his elder brother Abd el-Krim, built in this same run, is written here in his record only.",
   "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)",
   "run": "century-additions-59"
  },
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "امحمد بن عبد الكريم الخطابي (1892 – 17 ديسمبر 1967) قائد عسكري وسياسي ريفي، وهو الأخ الأصغر لعبد الكريم الخطابي، عُرف بكونه المخطط العسكري الرئيسي لجمهورية الريف (1921–1926) ونائب رئيسها والقائد الأعلى لجيشها.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} {cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es} وتنبه المقالة الإسبانية إلى أن بعض المصادر تعطي ميلاده سنة 1897، غير أن 1892 هو الأرجح لأنه كان أصغر من أخيه بعشر سنوات.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الأصول والتكوين",
     "markdown": "وُلد في أجدير في عشيرة آيت خطاب المنتمية إلى آيت ورياغل، إحدى قبائل الريف الكبرى؛ وكان والده عبد الكريم الخطابي قاضي المنطقة، وقد تعاون في البداية مع السلطات الاستعمارية الإسبانية أملاً في أن تجلب التقدم والتحديث.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} وتذكر المقالة الإسبانية أن القاضي أرسل ابنيه للتعليم الجامعي: محمدًا إلى فاس لدراسة الشريعة في القرويين، وامحمدَ أولاً إلى الصويرة ثم بمنحة من الحكومة الإسبانية سنة 1917 إلى مدرسة المناجم بمدريد.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es} ثم استدعى الأب ابنيه سنة 1918 وقد خاب أمله في سلوك الإسبان، فعاد عبد الكريم في ديسمبر وامحمد في يناير 1919، وبعد وفاة الأب في تفرسيت في 7 أغسطس 1920 تولى عبد الكريم القيادة العملياتية وامحمد نائبًا له.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "حرب الريف",
     "markdown": "ابتداء من 1919 نظّم امحمد إلى جانب أخيه المقاومة الريفية ضد التقدم الإسباني في شمال المغرب، وكان له دور كبير في معركة أنوال سنة 1921 حيث ألحقت القوات الريفية هزيمة ثقيلة بالجيش الإسباني.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} ويعده مؤرخون عدة المخطط العسكري للحركة، وقد قال عنه الكاتب الإسباني لورنزو سيلفا إنه أظهر في مناسبات كثيرة أنه خططي متفوق على الجنرالات الإسبان.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} وتنسب إليه المقالة الإسبانية قيادة حملات الغرب، ومنها أخذ شفشاون وحصار تطوان سنة 1925، وانتصارات الريفيين على الفرنسيين في وادي ورغة.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "جمهورية الريف",
     "markdown": "بعد نصر أنوال اتحدت القبائل الريفية بقيادة الأخوين الخطابي وأُعلنت جمهورية الريف في 18 سبتمبر 1921، فسُمّي امحمد قائدًا أعلى للجيش الريفي ونائبًا لرئيس الحكومة.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} {cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es} وقاد بين 1921 و1925 حملات عدة ضد القوات الإسبانية، لا سيما أخذ شفشاون وحصار تطوان، وواجهت القوات الريفية في 1925 الجيش الفرنسي في معركة ورغة.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الهزيمة والمنفى والوفاة",
     "markdown": "أمام التحالف الفرنسي الإسباني ونزول الحسيمة في سبتمبر 1925 انهارت الجمهورية، واستسلم عبد الكريم للفرنسيين في ترجيست في 26 مايو 1926.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} ونُفيت الأسرة إلى جزيرة ريونيون حتى 1947 ثم استقرت بالقاهرة، حيث تولى امحمد رعاية الأسرة بينما استأنف أخوه نشاطه السياسي.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} {cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es} وتذكر المقالة الإسبانية أنه قرر سنة 1964 العودة إلى المغرب فاستقر بالرباط.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es} وبعد وفاة عبد الكريم سنة 1963 عاد امحمد إلى المغرب سنة 1967 وتوفي بالرباط في العام نفسه — وتحدد المقالة الإسبانية وفاته بنوبة قلبية في 17 ديسمبر 1967 وهو يخطط للعودة إلى الريف — ودُفن في أجدير بتكريم عسكري.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} {cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "المراجع",
     "markdown": "كيانات المصادر المعرّفة المذكورة أعلاه، والمحفوظة في `data/source/`."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/mhamed-el-khattabi",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-26"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "M'hamed ben Abdelkrim El Khattabi (1892 – 17 December 1967) was a Riffian military and political leader, the younger brother of Abd el-Krim.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} He is known above all as the principal military strategist of the Republic of the Rif (1921–1926), of which he was vice-president and supreme chief of the army.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} {cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es} The Spanish article notes that some sources give his birth year as 1897, though 1892 is the more accepted figure, he being ten years younger than his brother.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Origins and formation",
     "markdown": "He was born at Ajdir into the Ait Khattab clan of the Ait Ouriaghel, an important Riffian tribe; his father, Abdelkrim El Khattabi, qadi of the region, initially collaborated with the Spanish colonial authorities hoping they would bring progress and modernisation.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} The Spanish article describes the father as the youngest son's first formation being arranged by the qadi, who sent his two sons for university education: Muhammad to Fez for Islamic law at al-Qarawiyyin, and M'hamed first to Essaouira and then, on a Spanish government scholarship in 1917, to the School of Mines in Madrid.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es} The father, disappointed with the Spanish advance, recalled his sons in 1918; Abd el-Krim arrived in December and M'hamed in January 1919, and after the father's death at Tafersit on 7 August 1920, Abd el-Krim took operational command with M'hamed as his lieutenant.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The Rif War",
     "markdown": "From 1919, alongside his brother, M'hamed organised the Riffian resistance against the Spanish advance in northern Morocco and played a major role at the Battle of Annual in 1921, where the Riffian forces inflicted a heavy defeat on the Spanish army.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} He is considered by several historians the military strategist of the movement; the Spanish writer Lorenzo Silva remarked that he showed himself on numerous occasions a tactician superior to the Spanish generals.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} The Spanish article credits him with directing the western campaigns, including the taking of Chefchaouen and the 1925 siege of Tetouan, where his assault on the Gorgues defences was stopped only at Kudia Tahar, and with the Riffian victories over the French at the Ouergha in 1925.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The Republic of the Rif",
     "markdown": "After the victory of Annual the Riffian tribes united under the Khattabi brothers and proclaimed the Republic of the Rif on 18 September 1921; M'hamed was named supreme chief of the Riffian army and vice-president of the government.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} {cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es} Between 1921 and 1925 he led several campaigns against the Spanish troops, notably the taking of Chefchaouen and the siege of Tetouan, and in 1925 the Riffian troops also faced the French army at the Battle of the Ouergha.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Defeat, exile and death",
     "markdown": "Faced with the Franco-Spanish coalition and the Alhucemas landing of September 1925, the Republic collapsed, and on 26 May 1926 Abd el-Krim surrendered to the French at Targuist.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} The family was exiled to the island of Réunion until 1947, then settled in Cairo, where M'hamed looked after the family while his brother resumed political activity.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} {cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es} The Spanish article says he decided in 1964 to return to Morocco and settled in Rabat.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es} After Abd el-Krim's death in 1963, M'hamed returned to Morocco in 1967 and died at Rabat the same year — the Spanish article specifies a heart attack on 17 December 1967, as he planned his return to the Rif — and he was buried at Ajdir with military honours.{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} {cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "References",
     "markdown": "The defined source entities cited above, recorded in `data/source/`."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/mhamed-el-khattabi",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-26"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "امحمد بن عبد الکریم خطابی (1892 – 17 دسمبر 1967) ریفی عسکری و سیاسی رہنما اور عبد الکریم خطابی کے چھوٹے بھائی تھے؛ وہ جمہوریۂ ریف (1921–1926) کے اصل عسکری منصوبہ ساز، اس کی فوج کے سپریم کمانڈر اور نائب صدر تھے۔{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} {cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es} ہسپانوی مقالے کے مطابق بعض ماخذ ان کی پیدائش 1897 دیتے ہیں، مگر 1892 زیادہ مقبول ہے کیونکہ وہ بھائی سے دس سال چھوٹے تھے۔{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "تعلیم",
     "markdown": "وہ اخدیر میں پیدا ہوئے؛ ان کے والد خطابی قبیلے کے قاضی تھے۔ قاضی نے دونوں بیٹوں کو جامعی تعلیم کے لیے بھیجا: محمد کو فاس میں قرویین میں شریعت پڑھنے، اور امحمد کو پہلے صویرہ اور پھر 1917 میں ہسپانوی وظیفے پر میڈرڈ کے اسکول آف مائنز میں۔ والد نے 1918 میں دونوں کو واپس بلا لیا؛ والد کی 7 اگست 1920 کو وفات کے بعد عبد الکریم نے کمان سنبھالی اور امحمد ان کے نائب بنے۔{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "ریف جنگ و جمہوریہ",
     "markdown": "1919 سے انہوں نے بھائی کے ساتھ مل کر ہسپانوی پیش قدمی کے خلاف ریفی مزاحمت منظم کی اور 1921 کی جنگِ انوال میں کلیدی کردار ادا کیا۔ 18 ستمبر 1921 کو جمہوریۂ ریف کے قیام پر وہ فوج کے سپریم سربراہ اور حکومت کے نائب صدر مقرر ہوئے؛ 1921 تا 1925 شفشاون کی فتح، تطوان کے محاصرے اور 1925 میں فرانسیسیوں کے خلاف ورغہ کی لڑائی کی قیادت کی۔{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} {cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "جلاوطنی اور وفات",
     "markdown": "ستمبر 1925 کے الحسیمہ نزول کے بعد جمہوریہ ختم ہو گئی اور عبد الکریم نے 26 مئی 1926 کو ہتھیار ڈال دیے۔ خاندان 1947 تک جزیرۂ ری یونین جلاوطن رہا، پھر قاہرہ میں آباد ہوا۔ امحمد نے 1964 میں مراکش واپسی کا فیصلہ کر کے رباط میں سکونت اختیار کی، اور 17 دسمبر 1967 کو رباط میں دل کے دورے سے وفات پائی؛ اخدیر میں فوجی اعزاز کے ساتھ دفن ہوئے۔{cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr} {cite:wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "حوالہ جات",
     "markdown": "اوپر مذکور معرّف ماخذ اکائیاں، جو `data/source/` میں محفوظ ہیں۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/mhamed-el-khattabi",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-26"
  }
 },
 "degree": 2,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/abdul-hamid-khan-bhashani",
  "person/abdul-majid-sindhi",
  "person/abdullah-musawi-shirazi",
  "person/alauddin-khan",
  "person/ali-al-mirghani",
  "person/ali-fuat-cebesoy",
  "person/chaudhry-khaliquzzaman",
  "person/fawzi-al-qawuqji",
  "person/hafiz-ali-khan",
  "person/hamid-aytac",
  "person/hassan-taqizadeh",
  "person/hassanein-makhlouf"
 ],
 "updated": "2026-10-26",
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "person/abd-el-krim",
   "type": "sibling_of",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-fr",
    "source/wikipedia-mhamed-el-khattabi-es"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "place/cairo",
  "person/abd-el-krim"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}