{
 "id": "person/salah-al-din-yusuf-ibn-ayyub",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "salah-al-din-yusuf-ibn-ayyub",
 "label": {
  "ar": "صلاح الدين الأيوبي",
  "en": "Saladin (Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub)",
  "ur": "صلاح الدین ایوبی"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "سلطان مصر والشام ومؤسس الدولة الأيوبية، وُلد بتكريت سنة 1137 أو 1138م وتوفي بدمشق في 4 مارس 1193م. صار وزيرًا لمصر سنة 1169م، وأنهى الخلافة الفاطمية سنة 1171م، ووحّد الشام والجزيرة وفلسطين ومصر بين 1174 و1186م، واسترد بيت المقدس في 2 أكتوبر 1187م. {cite:britannica-saladin}",
  "en": "Sultan of Egypt and Syria and founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, born at Tikrit in 1137 or 1138 and died at Damascus on 4 March 1193. He became vizier of Egypt in 1169, ended the Fatimid caliphate in 1171, united Syria, northern Mesopotamia, Palestine and Egypt between 1174 and 1186, and recovered Jerusalem on 2 October 1187. {cite:britannica-saladin}",
  "ur": "مصر و شام کے سلطان اور ایوبی خاندان کے بانی، جو 1137 یا 1138ء میں تکریت میں پیدا ہوئے اور 4 مارچ 1193ء کو دمشق میں وفات پائی۔ وہ 1169ء میں مصر کے وزیر بنے، 1171ء میں فاطمی خلافت ختم کی، 1174 سے 1186ء تک شام، شمالی عراق، فلسطین اور مصر کو متحد کیا، اور 2 اکتوبر 1187ء کو بیت المقدس واپس لیا۔ {cite:britannica-saladin}"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [
  "period/crusades-ayyubid-mamluk"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 1137.0000068447675,
  "latest": 1193.173644907119
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "1137/1138",
   "hijri": "0532~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-saladin"
   ],
   "note": "Britannica gives 1137/38 at Tikrit; the Hijri year is converted, so it is derived."
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1193-03-04",
   "hijri": "0589~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-saladin"
   ],
   "note": "Britannica gives 4 March 1193 at Damascus; the Hijri year is converted, so it is derived."
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "kind": "full",
    "lang": "ar",
    "value": "صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب"
   },
   {
    "kind": "latinized",
    "lang": "en",
    "value": "Saladin"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "roles": [
   "sultan",
   "military-commander"
  ],
  "born": {
   "edtf": "1137/1138",
   "hijri": "0532~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-saladin"
   ],
   "note": "Britannica gives 1137/38 at Tikrit; the Hijri year is converted, so it is derived."
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "1193-03-04",
   "hijri": "0589~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/britannica-saladin"
   ],
   "note": "Britannica gives 4 March 1193 at Damascus; the Hijri year is converted, so it is derived."
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/britannica-saladin",
   "source/kamil-ibn-al-athir",
   "source/tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434",
   "source/shadharat-dhahab",
   "source/tarikh-ibn-khaldun-ibar"
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "Britannica, 'Saladin' (Paul E. Walker and the Britannica editors, revised 10 October 2026), read in the browser on 28 October 2026; event links follow the cited sources of each event record",
   "generated_by": "Claude Code (claude-opus-5-5)",
   "model": "claude-opus-5-5",
   "run": "timeline-explorer-launch"
  },
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "generated_by": "Claude Code (claude-opus-5-5)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب، سلطان مصر والشام ومؤسس الدولة الأيوبية. وُلد بتكريت سنة 1137 أو 1138م في أسرة كردية بارزة، ونشأ في بعلبك ودمشق، وتوفي بدمشق في 4 مارس 1193م. {cite:britannica-saladin}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "من الوزارة إلى السلطنة",
     "markdown": "بدأ مسيرته في جيش عمه أسد الدين شيركوه في حملاته على مصر، وبعد وفاة شيركوه صار سنة 1169م قائد الجند الشامي في مصر ووزيرًا للخليفة الفاطمي. وفي سنة 1171م أنهى الخلافة الفاطمية وأعاد الخطبة للخلافة العباسية. {cite:britannica-saladin} وبعد وفاة نور الدين محمود سنة 1174م دخل الشام، وسعى بين 1174 و1186م إلى توحيد الشام وشمال الجزيرة وفلسطين ومصر تحت رايته، بالسياسة حينًا وبالقوة حينًا. {cite:britannica-saladin}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "حطين وبيت المقدس",
     "markdown": "انتصر على جيش مملكة بيت المقدس في معركة حطين، ثم استرد بيت المقدس في 2 أكتوبر 1187م بعد نحو تسعة عقود من حكم الفرنجة لها. {cite:britannica-saladin} وواجه بعد ذلك الحملة الصليبية الثالثة في حصار عكا ومعركتي أرسوف ويافا. {cite:kamil-ibn-al-athir}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/salah-al-din-yusuf-ibn-ayyub",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-28"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub, known in Europe as Saladin, was sultan of Egypt and Syria and founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. He was born at Tikrit in 1137 or 1138 into a prominent Kurdish family, grew up in Baalbek and Damascus, and died at Damascus on 4 March 1193. {cite:britannica-saladin}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "From vizier to sultan",
     "markdown": "He began his career on the staff of his uncle Asad al-Din Shirkuh during the campaigns in Egypt. After Shirkuh's death he became, in 1169, commander of the Syrian troops in Egypt and vizier of the Fatimid caliph. In 1171 he ended the Fatimid caliphate and restored the Abbasid khutba. {cite:britannica-saladin} After Nur al-Din Mahmud died in 1174 he moved into Syria, and between 1174 and 1186 worked to unite Syria, northern Mesopotamia, Palestine and Egypt under his rule, by diplomacy and, when needed, by force. {cite:britannica-saladin}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Hattin and Jerusalem",
     "markdown": "He defeated the army of the kingdom of Jerusalem at Hattin and recovered Jerusalem on 2 October 1187, ending nearly nine decades of Frankish rule there. {cite:britannica-saladin} He then faced the Third Crusade at the siege of Acre and the battles of Arsuf and Jaffa. {cite:kamil-ibn-al-athir}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/salah-al-din-yusuf-ibn-ayyub",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-28"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "صلاح الدین یوسف بن ایوب مصر و شام کے سلطان اور ایوبی خاندان کے بانی تھے۔ وہ 1137 یا 1138ء میں تکریت کے ایک نمایاں کرد خاندان میں پیدا ہوئے، بعلبک اور دمشق میں پلے بڑھے، اور 4 مارچ 1193ء کو دمشق میں وفات پائی۔ {cite:britannica-saladin}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "وزارت سے سلطنت تک",
     "markdown": "انہوں نے اپنے چچا اسد الدین شیرکوہ کے ساتھ مصر کی مہمات میں اپنا سفر شروع کیا۔ شیرکوہ کی وفات کے بعد 1169ء میں وہ مصر میں شامی لشکر کے سالار اور فاطمی خلیفہ کے وزیر بنے۔ 1171ء میں انہوں نے فاطمی خلافت ختم کی اور عباسی خطبہ بحال کیا۔ {cite:britannica-saladin} 1174ء میں نور الدین محمود کی وفات کے بعد وہ شام آئے، اور 1174 سے 1186ء تک شام، شمالی عراق، فلسطین اور مصر کو اپنی حکومت میں متحد کرنے کی کوشش کی، کبھی سیاست سے اور ضرورت پڑنے پر طاقت سے۔ {cite:britannica-saladin}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "حطین اور بیت المقدس",
     "markdown": "انہوں نے حطین میں مملکتِ بیت المقدس کی فوج کو شکست دی، اور 2 اکتوبر 1187ء کو بیت المقدس واپس لیا، جہاں فرنگیوں کی حکومت تقریباً نو دہائیوں سے تھی۔ {cite:britannica-saladin} اس کے بعد انہوں نے عکا کے محاصرے اور ارسوف اور یافا کی لڑائیوں میں تیسری صلیبی جنگ کا سامنا کیا۔ {cite:kamil-ibn-al-athir}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/salah-al-din-yusuf-ibn-ayyub",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-28"
  }
 },
 "degree": 118,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/abd-al-razzaq-ibn-abd-al-qadir",
  "person/abd-al-wahhab-ibn-abd-al-qadir",
  "person/abu-ali-al-hijri",
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  "person/afifa-khatun",
  "person/al-iraqi-al-khatib",
  "person/al-kindi-abu-al-yumn",
  "person/al-muayyad-radi-al-din-al-naysaburi",
  "person/al-mujir-al-wasiti",
  "person/farid-al-din-attar",
  "person/ibn-al-akhdar",
  "person/ibn-al-hurastani"
 ],
 "updated": "2026-10-28",
 "connections": [
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   "sources": [
    "source/kamil-ibn-al-athir"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/shirkuh-egypt-expedition-562",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "آخذ الإسكندرية",
   "sources": [
    "source/tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/sicilian-assault-alexandria-569",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "سار إليها بالعساكر وسيّر من يبشر بقربه",
   "sources": [
    "source/kamil-ibn-al-athir"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/suhrawardi-execution-587",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "من أمر بالقتل من بعيد",
   "sources": [
    "source/shadharat-dhahab"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/sulh-saladin-atabeg-581",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/kamil-ibn-al-athir"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/sunni-judiciary-egypt-566",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "الآمر",
   "sources": [
    "source/kamil-ibn-al-athir"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/taqi-al-din-routs-qilij-arslan-579",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/kamil-ibn-al-athir"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/waqat-al-sudan-cairo-564",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "أمده قتالهم بين القصرين وأحرق محلة المنصورة",
   "sources": [
    "source/kamil-ibn-al-athir"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "screen/al-nasir-salah-al-din-1963",
   "type": "subject_of",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "screen/kudus-fatihi-selahaddin-eyyubi-2023",
   "type": "subject_of",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "screen/mamlakah-al-sama-2005",
   "type": "subject_of",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "screen/salah-al-din-animated-2009",
   "type": "subject_of",
   "inverse": true
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "person/nur-al-din-mahmud-ibn-zangi",
  "place/aleppo",
  "person/al-adid-fatimid",
  "person/al-malik-al-adil-ayyub",
  "person/asad-al-din-shirkuh",
  "person/izz-al-din-masud",
  "place/cairo",
  "place/jerusalem"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}