{
 "id": "person/umra-khan-of-jandol",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "umra-khan-of-jandol",
 "label": {
  "ar": "عمرة خان",
  "en": "Umra Khan of Jandol",
  "ur": "عمرہ خان"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "زعيم پشتوني أفغاني (نحو 1860–1904)، خان جندول ثم نواب دير (1890–1895). قتل أخاه وانتزع العرش، وبسط سلطته على باجور، وتدخّله في چترال سنة 1894 جرّ حملة چترال البريطانية سنة 1895، ففُكّت قوته وفرّ إلى أفغانستان ومات في كابل. لقّبه تشرتشل «نابليون أفغانستان».",
  "en": "Afghan Pashtun chief (c. 1860–1904), Khan of Jandol and then Nawab of Dir (1890–1895). He killed his elder brother and seized the throne, held sway over almost the whole of Bajaur, and his interference in Chitral in 1894 brought on the British Chitral Expedition of 1895; broken by it, he fled to Afghanistan and died at Kabul. Churchill called him 'the Afghan Napoleon' — a contemporary's epithet, recorded as such.",
  "ur": "افغان پشتون سردار (تقریباً 1860ء–1904ء)، خانِ جندول اور پھر نوابِ دیر (1890ء–1895ء)۔ انھوں نے اپنے بڑے بھائی کو قتل کر کے تخت سنبھالا، باجوڑ پر اپنا اقتدار قائم کیا، اور 1894ء میں چترال کے معاملات میں مداخلت سے 1895ء کی برطانوی چترال مہم کی نوبت آئی؛ شکست کے بعد وہ افغانستان فرار ہوئے اور کابل میں وفات پائی۔ چرچل نے انھیں «افغان نپولین» کہا۔"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "persia-central-asia"
 ],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 1859.9991101802227,
  "latest": 1904.6954420692784
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "1860",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "debated",
   "derived": false,
   "note": "The English article gives his birth as circa 1860, and Wikidata also gives 1860, at Jandol. The year is approximate in the article itself, so it is carried at year precision and marked debated. The year 1860 spans two Hijri years (1276–1277) and no source read gives a Hijri pairing, so none is recorded. No born_in relation is written: no place entity exists for Jandol.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-umra-khan-en",
    "source/wikidata-umra-khan"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1904-09-11",
   "hijri": "1322",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "debated",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "The English article, following the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911), gives his death at Kabul on 11 September 1904; Wikidata gives only the year 1903, the year the harvest queue also carries. The article's dated value is carried, marked debated, and the Hijri year is a conversion of the carried date.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-umra-khan-en",
    "source/wikidata-umra-khan"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "value": "Khan Umra Khan of Jandol",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "عمرة خان",
    "kind": "full"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "born": {
   "edtf": "1860",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "debated",
   "derived": false,
   "note": "The English article gives his birth as circa 1860, and Wikidata also gives 1860, at Jandol. The year is approximate in the article itself, so it is carried at year precision and marked debated. The year 1860 spans two Hijri years (1276–1277) and no source read gives a Hijri pairing, so none is recorded. No born_in relation is written: no place entity exists for Jandol.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-umra-khan-en",
    "source/wikidata-umra-khan"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "1904-09-11",
   "hijri": "1322",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "debated",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "The English article, following the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911), gives his death at Kabul on 11 September 1904; Wikidata gives only the year 1903, the year the harvest queue also carries. The article's dated value is carried, marked debated, and the Hijri year is a conversion of the carried date.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-umra-khan-en",
    "source/wikidata-umra-khan"
   ]
  },
  "roles": [
   "ruler"
  ],
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "unknown",
    "basis": "unknown",
    "note": "No source read names a religion or a school for him. The English article has no religion field and its text, drawn from the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911) and frontier histories, never raises his religion; Wikidata carries no religion value. His honorific Ghazi and his standing as a Pashtun chief are title and office, not attestations, and nothing is inferred from them or from his wars. The segment records an absence, not a choice between attestations.",
    "sources": [
     "source/wikipedia-umra-khan-en",
     "source/wikidata-umra-khan"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "external_ids": {
   "wikidata": "Q7881787"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/wikipedia-umra-khan-en",
   "source/wikidata-umra-khan"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "published"
  },
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "English Wikipedia article 'Umra Khan' (revision 1339699806 of 21 February 2026) and Wikidata item Q7881787 (item revision 2538106635 of 30 August 2026), each fetched by its recorded revision id via the MediaWiki API on 27 October 2026, the returned id asserted equal before any claim was drawn; the QID was grounded through the article's own page property. No Arabic or Urdu Wikipedia article exists for him (the article has no ar/ur sitelinks); the Arabic and Urdu prose are written from the same sources. Existence was checked all three ways before building: name-fragment greps under all spellings (Umra/Umera/Jandol/Jandul), the grounded QID grepped across all data/person files (no hit), and biographical match. The queue's death year 1903 is Wikidata's year value; the article's dated 11 September 1904 is carried as debated with the variant disclosed. Churchill's epithet 'the Afghan Napoleon' is a contemporary British label and is handled in prose as attributed, not entered as a name, following the wave-116 Sartor Faqir precedent. No predecessor or successor edge is written (office succession), and his resting place at Kabul, given only in the article's infobox, yields no buried_in edge. The roles value [ruler] follows the wave-116 Kohandil Khan precedent for an Afghan frontier chief who held thrones.",
   "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)",
   "run": "century-additions-117"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خان جندول ونواب دير",
     "markdown": "عمرة خان (نحو 1860–1904) زعيم پشتوني من بيت حكم مست خيل التركالاني في جندول، على الحدود الشمالية الغربية للهند البريطانية.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} كان الابن الأصغر لخان جندول، فقتل أخاه الأكبر وانتزع العرش وجعل من نفسه قوة على الحدود.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} واستولى من جندول على دولة دير وحكمها نوابا من 1890 إلى 1895، وبحلول 1894 كان نفوذه مطلقا في باجور كلها تقريبا.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "چترال والنفي",
     "markdown": "في 1894 جرّه طموحه إلى شؤون چترال الداخلية: حرّض أفضل الملك، ابن مهتار أمان الملك، على قتل أخيه نظام الملك، ثم انقلب على القاتل وأيّد مطالب عمهما شير أفضل بالعرش.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} فأمرته حكومة الهند البريطانية بمغادرة چترال، فلما رفض سُيّرت ضده حملة چترال سنة 1895، فطُرد عمرة خان إلى المنفى في أفغانستان.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} ووصفه ونستون تشرتشل، الذي رافق قوة ملاكند وكتب قصتها، بأنه «أهم رجل بين چترال وبيشاور» وأنه «نابليون أفغانستان» — وهو لقب ضابط بريطاني معاصر له، يُروى هنا منسوبا إلى قائله لا بوصفه حكم المتحف.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "وفاته وتواريخه",
     "markdown": "مات في منفاه في كابل.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} ويؤرّخ المقال، متابعا الموسوعة البريطانية لسنة 1911، وفاته في 11 سبتمبر 1904، بينما لا تعطي ويكيداتا إلا سنة 1903؛ أما ولادته فتعطى نحو 1860.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en}{cite:wikidata-umra-khan} ولذلك حُمل التاريخان في سجله بوصفهما متنازعا فيهما، مع تفضيل قيمة المقال المؤرخة الصريحة للوفاة."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الهوية والمذهب",
     "markdown": "لا يسمّي أي مصدر قُرئ دينا ولا مذهبا له: فالمقال ليس فيه حقل للدين ولا يثير الموضوع أصلا، ولا تحمل ويكيداتا قيمة للدين.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en}{cite:wikidata-umra-khan} ولقبه «غازي» ومكانته زعيما پشتونيا لقبٌ ومنصب، لا شهادة انتماء، فحُمل مذهبه «غير معروف» على سبيل الغياب، ولم يُستنتج شيء من حروبه ضد البريطانيين."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/umra-khan-of-jandol",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-27"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Khan of Jandol and Nawab of Dir",
     "markdown": "Umra Khan (c. 1860 – 1904) was a Pashtun chief of the Tarkalani Mast Khel ruling house of Jandol, on the north-western frontier of British India.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} He was the younger son of the Khan of Jandol; he killed his elder brother, seized the throne, and made himself a power on the frontier.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} From Jandol he captured the state of Dir and reigned as its Nawab from 1890 to 1895, and by 1894 he held undisputed sway over almost the whole of Bajaur.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Chitral and exile",
     "markdown": "In 1894 his ambition drew him into the internal affairs of Chitral: he instigated Afzal ul-Mulk, a son of the Mehtar Aman ul-Mulk, to murder his brother Nizam ul-Mulk, then overthrew the fratricide and backed the claims of their uncle Sher Afzul to the throne.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} The Government of British India ordered him to leave Chitral; when he refused, the Chitral Expedition of 1895 was despatched against him, and Umra Khan was driven into exile in Afghanistan.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} Winston Churchill, who served with the Malakand Field Force and wrote its story, called him \"the most important man between Chitral and Peshawar\" and \"the Afghan Napoleon\" — a contemporary British officer's epithet, recorded here as his, not as the museum's.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Death and dates",
     "markdown": "He died in exile at Kabul.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} The article, following the Encyclopaedia Britannica of 1911, dates his death to 11 September 1904, while Wikidata gives only the year 1903; his birth is given as about 1860.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en}{cite:wikidata-umra-khan} Both dates are therefore carried as debated in his record, with the article's dated value preferred for the death."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Identity and faith",
     "markdown": "No source read names a religion or a school for him: the article has no religion field and never raises the subject, and Wikidata carries no religion value.{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en}{cite:wikidata-umra-khan} His honorific Ghazi and his standing as a Pashtun chief are title and office, not attestations, so his faith is recorded as unknown on an absence, and nothing is inferred from his wars against the British."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/umra-khan-of-jandol",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-27"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خانِ جندول اور نوابِ دیر",
     "markdown": "عمرہ خان (تقریباً 1860ء–1904ء) جندول کے ترکلانی مست خیل حکمران گھرانے کے پشتون سردار تھے، جو برطانوی ہند کی شمال مغربی سرحد پر واقع تھا۔{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} وہ خانِ جندول کے چھوٹے بیٹے تھے؛ انھوں نے اپنے بڑے بھائی کو قتل کر کے تخت سنبھالا اور سرحد پر بڑی طاقت بن گئے۔{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} جندول سے انھوں نے ریاستِ دیر فتح کی اور 1890ء سے 1895ء تک اس کے نواب رہے، اور 1894ء تک تقریباً پورا باجوڑ ان کے اقتدار میں تھا۔{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "چترال اور جلاوطنی",
     "markdown": "1894ء میں ان کی توسیع پسندی انھیں چترال کے اندرونی معاملات میں لے گئی: انھوں نے مہتار امان الملک کے بیٹے افضل الملک کو اکسا کر اپنے بھائی نظام الملک کو قتل کروایا، پھر قاتل کو بھی ہٹا کر ان کے چچا شیر افضل کے دعوے کی حمایت کی۔{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} برطانوی حکومتِ ہند نے انھیں چترال چھوڑنے کا حکم دیا؛ انکار پر 1895ء کی چترال مہم بھیجی گئی، اور عمرہ خان افغانستان کی طرف جلاوطن ہو گئے۔{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} ونسٹن چرچل، جو ملاکنڈ فیلڈ فورس کے ساتھ تھے اور اس کی داستان لکھی، انھیں «چترال اور پشاور کے درمیان سب سے اہم آدمی» اور «افغان نپولین» کہتے تھے — یہ ایک ہم عصر برطانوی افسر کا خطاب ہے اور یہاں اسی نسبت سے درج ہے۔{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "وفات اور تواریخ",
     "markdown": "ان کی وفات جلاوطنی میں کابل میں ہوئی۔{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en} مضمون انسائیکلوپیڈیا برٹانیکا (1911ء) کی پیروی میں ان کی وفات 11 ستمبر 1904ء بتاتا ہے، جب کہ ویکی ڈیٹا صرف 1903ء کا سال دیتا ہے؛ ولادت تقریباً 1860ء بتائی گئی ہے۔{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en}{cite:wikidata-umra-khan} اس لیے ان کے ریکارڈ میں دونوں تواریخ متنازع درج ہیں، وفات کے لیے مضمون کی صریح تاریخ کو ترجیح دی گئی ہے۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "شناخت اور مذہب",
     "markdown": "کسی بھی پڑھے گئے ماخذ میں ان کے دین یا مسلک کا نام نہیں ملتا: مضمون میں مذہب کا خانہ نہیں اور اس موضوع کا ذکر ہی نہیں، اور ویکی ڈیٹا میں بھی مذہب کی کوئی قیمت نہیں۔{cite:wikipedia-umra-khan-en}{cite:wikidata-umra-khan} ان کا خطاب «غازی» اور پشتون سردار کی حیثیت لقب اور منصب ہیں، انتماء کی شہادت نہیں؛ اس لیے ان کا مذہب غیر موجودگی کی بنیاد پر «نامعلوم» درج ہے، اور ان کی برطانوی مخالف جنگوں سے کچھ استنباط نہیں کیا گیا۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/umra-khan-of-jandol",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-27"
  }
 },
 "degree": 2,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/abadi-bano-begum",
  "person/abd-al-hamid-al-zahrawi",
  "person/abd-al-razzaq-al-bitar",
  "person/abdurreshid-ibrahim",
  "person/ahmad-al-hamlawi",
  "person/ahmad-urabi",
  "person/ahmed-midhat",
  "person/ahmed-raza-khan-barelvi",
  "person/ahmed-riza",
  "person/akbar-allahabadi",
  "person/ali-dinar",
  "person/ali-hajji-of-akusha"
 ],
 "updated": "2026-10-27",
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "place/kabul",
   "type": "died_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-umra-khan-en",
    "source/wikidata-umra-khan"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "event/kabul-islam-mamun",
  "event/kabul-revolt-yazid-death",
  "event/kabul-shah-submission",
  "event/march-on-kabul",
  "person/abdullah-abdullah",
  "person/ahmad-shah-massoud",
  "person/ashraf-ghani",
  "person/burhanuddin-rabbani"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}