{
 "id": "person/uthman-ibn-affan",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "uthman-ibn-affan",
 "label": {
  "en": "Uthman ibn Affan",
  "ar": "عثمان بن عفان",
  "ur": "عثمان بن عفان"
 },
 "summary": {
  "en": "Third caliph (644–656); the early community married him to two of the Prophet's daughters in succession. Under him the Qur'an was standardized into a single recension; he was killed by rebels in Medina, opening the first civil war.",
  "ar": "ثالث الخلفاء الراشدين (644–656م)؛ تزوج اثنتين من بنات النبي تباعًا. في عهده جُمع القرآن في مصحف معتمد؛ وقُتل على يد ثائرين في المدينة فافتُتحت الفتنة الأولى. وكان في نهاية الجود فسلك عماله طريقته، وخلف عند خازنه خمسين ومائة ألف دينار وألف ألف درهم وضياعاً بوادي القرى وحنين بمائة ألف دينار، ودفن بحش كوكب وكان ابن اثنتين وثمانين سنة {cite:muruj-al-dhahab p. 627-628}. ودافع ابن عمر عنه في الصحيح: أما فراره يوم أحد فالله قد عفا عنه، وأما تغيبه عن بدر فكانت تحته رقية بنت النبي مريضة فقال له «إن لك أجر رجل ممن شهد بدراً وسهمه»، وأما تغيبه عن بيعة الرضوان فلو كان أعزّ ببطن مكة منه لبعثه رسولاً {cite:sahih-al-bukhari 3699}. وعند مسلم جلس النبي لدخوله فسوّى ثيابه وقال لعائشة «ألا أستحي من رجل تستحي منه الملائكة» {cite:sahih-muslim 2401}."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "arabia"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era",
  "period/rashidun"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "scripture-and-its-sciences",
  "civil-wars-and-revolts",
  "development-of-law-theology-institutions"
 ],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 576.0001232058153,
  "latest": 656.4617343271618
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "0576~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "0656-06-17",
   "hijri": "0035-12-18",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "note": "Killed by rebels in Medina, 18 Dhu al-Hijja 35 AH (17 June 656 CE).",
   "sources": [
    "source/watt-1956-medina",
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "kind": "full",
    "lang": "ar",
    "value": "عثمان بن عفان بن أبي العاص"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "born": {
   "edtf": "0576~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "0656-06-17",
   "hijri": "0035-12-18",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "note": "Killed by rebels in Medina, 18 Dhu al-Hijja 35 AH (17 June 656 CE).",
   "sources": [
    "source/watt-1956-medina",
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "roles": [
   "companion",
   "caliph"
  ],
  "traditions": [
   "sunni"
  ],
  "story_roles": [
   {
    "role": "convert",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0611~"
    },
    "status": "tradition",
    "note": "Among the earliest converts, through Abu Bakr.",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "companion",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0611~"
    },
    "status": "tradition",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "successor",
    "toward": "person/umar-ibn-al-khattab",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0644-11"
    },
    "status": "historical",
    "note": "Chosen by the consultative committee (shura) Umar appointed.",
    "sources": [
     "source/watt-1956-medina"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "ruler",
    "toward": "polity/rashidun-caliphate",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0644"
    },
    "end": {
     "edtf": "0656"
    },
    "status": "historical",
    "sources": [
     "source/watt-1956-medina"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "victim",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0656-06-17"
    },
    "status": "historical",
    "note": "Besieged and killed in his house in Medina by rebel contingents.",
    "sources": [
     "source/watt-1956-medina"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "sunni",
    "basis": "tradition",
    "note": "Early Muslim; recorded under the museum's Sunni frame (docs/scope.md). He predates the Sunni-Shia division."
   }
  ],
  "labelled": [
   {
    "label": {
     "en": "Dhu al-Nurayn (Possessor of the Two Lights)",
     "ar": "ذو النورين"
    },
    "by": "Islamic tradition, for marrying two daughters of the Prophet in succession",
    "status": "tradition",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "issue": {
   "ar": "كيف تُقيَّم خلافة عثمان بن عفان ومقتله؟",
   "en": "How is Uthman ibn Affan's caliphate and his killing assessed?"
  },
  "perspectives": [
   {
    "tradition": "sunni",
    "id": "sunni",
    "summary": {
     "en": "Sunni tradition venerates Uthman as the third rightly-guided caliph: modest and generous, the preserver who gave the community one recension of the Qur'an, and a martyr killed unjustly.",
     "ar": "تُجِلّه السنة ثالث الخلفاء الراشدين: حييًّا كريمًا، وحافظ نص القرآن، وشهيدًا قُتل ظلمًا."
    },
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "academic",
    "id": "academic",
    "summary": {
     "en": "Historians record both his standardization of the Qur'an and the grievances — appointments of kinsmen, fiscal policy — that fed the revolt which killed him; the sources are early but partisan.",
     "ar": "يحفظ المؤرخون توحيد المصحف والشكاوى معًا — تولية الأقارب والمالية — التي غذّت الثورة؛ والمصادر الأولى متخاصمة."
    },
    "sources": [
     "source/watt-1956-medina"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "shia-twelver",
    "id": "shia-twelver",
    "summary": {
     "en": "Twelver Shia tradition is critical of Uthman's caliphate, seeing in it the entrenchment of the Umayyads and further sidelining of the Prophet's household.",
     "ar": "ينتقد التراث الإمامي خلافته ويراها رسّخت الأمويين وأقصت آل البيت."
    },
    "sources": [
     "source/momen-1985"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "sensitivity": "contested",
  "sources": [
   "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley",
   "source/watt-1956-medina",
   "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume",
   "source/muruj-al-dhahab",
   "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
   "source/ibn-hisham-sira",
   "source/sahih-al-bukhari",
   "source/sahih-muslim",
   "source/nihayat-al-arab-nuwayri-vol3-scan"
  ],
  "education": {
   "did_you_know": {
    "ar": "في عهد عثمان جُمع القرآن في مصحف واحد؛ وقد تزوّج ابنتين للنبي إحداهما بعد الأخرى فلُقّب بذي النورين.",
    "en": "Under Uthman the Qur'an was gathered into a single codex; he married two of the Prophet's daughters in succession, so he was called Dhu al-Nurayn.",
    "ur": "عثمان کے عہد میں قرآن ایک مصحف میں جمع ہوا؛ ان سے نبی کی دو بیٹیوں سے باری باری نکاح ہوا، اس لیے ذوالنورین کہلائے۔",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley",
     "source/sahih-al-bukhari"
    ]
   },
   "levels": [
    "sprouts",
    "explorers",
    "scholars"
   ],
   "flagged_for_kids": true,
   "provenance": {
    "generated_by": "Devin",
    "model": "gemini-2.5-pro",
    "run": "education-E2-batch4",
    "note": "Leveled texts drafted from the record's own summary and prose; draft, pending the founder's review and scholar review of the child levels."
   }
  },
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 3,
   "generated_by": "Devin; 2026-10-11"
  },
  "external_ids": {
   "wikidata": "Q37731"
  },
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "education fact engine batch 2 — did_you_know fact drafted in three languages from the record's own cited sources",
   "generated_by": "Devin"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نبذة",
     "markdown": "عثمان بن عفان ثالث الخلفاء الراشدين (644–656م). تزوج ابنتين للنبي تباعًا، وأمر بمصحف معتمد للقرآن، ومات محاصرًا في بيته بالمدينة على يد ثائرين."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحياة",
     "markdown": "من [[group/banu-umayya|بني أمية]] الأغنياء، كان عثمان من أوائل من أسلم على يد [[person/abu-bakr|أبي بكر]] {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}. تزوج ابنتين للنبي تباعًا — رقية ثم أم كلثوم — فلُقّب «ذا النورين». هاجر في [[event/hijra|الهجرة]] وكان رسول المسلمين إلى مكة في [[event/treaty-of-hudaybiyya|الحديبية]] {cite:ibn-ishaq-guillaume}.\n\nانتخبته الشورى التي عيّنها عمر فحكم اثنتي عشرة سنة. في عهده امتد الفتح إلى أرمينية وشمال إفريقية، وفي عمله الباقي أخرجت لجنة برئاسة [[person/zayd-ibn-thabit|زيد بن ثابت]] المصحف المعتمد وبُعثت نسخه إلى الأمصار {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}. وفي سنيّه الأخير عظمت الشكوى من تولية أقاربه ومن سياسته المالية، وفي يونيو سنة 656م حاصرته جماعات الثائرين من مصر والعراق وقتلته بالمدينة — فافتُتحت الفتنة الأولى {cite:watt-1956-medina}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الأثر",
     "markdown": "كل مصحف يُفتح اليوم يرجع إلى الرسم الذي وضعته لجنته. وكل جدال في حدود واجب الخليفة وحق أهله يمرّ على قتله."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "جمع عثمان صفحات القرآن المتفرقة فصيّرها كتابًا معتمدًا واحدًا هو الذي يقرؤه المسلمون اليوم. وقتلته بدأت أول حرب أهلية في الجماعة."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في الدعوة السرية (الرحيق المختوم ص76)",
     "markdown": "يعدّه الكتاب فيمن أسلم بدعوة [[person/abu-bakr|أبي بكر]] في سنوات [[event/al-dawa-al-sirriyya|الدعوة السرية]]، أحدَ الثمانية الذين سبقوا الناس فكانوا الرعيل الأول وطليعة الإسلام {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.76} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/245-262}. ويذكره الكتاب بنسبته الأموي {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.76}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للبراعم",
     "markdown": "عثمان بن عفان ثالث الخلفاء الراشدين، اشتهر بالحياء والجود، وجمع القرآن الكريم في مصحف واحد ليقرأه الجميع."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للمستكشفين",
     "markdown": "عثمان بن عفان، الملقب بذي النورين، ثالث الخلفاء الراشدين وأحد السابقين إلى الإسلام. اشتهر بكرمه العظيم وإنفاقه الواسع في تجهيز جيش العسرة وشراء بئر رومة وجعلها وقفًا للمسلمين، وكان أعظم عمل قام به في خلافته توحيد نسخ القرآن الكريم في مصحف إمام أُرسلت منه نسخ إلى سائر الأمصار لتوحيد تلاوة كتاب الله."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للدارسين",
     "markdown": "أبو عبد الله عثمان بن عفان الأموي القرشي الملقب بـ«ذي النورين» لزواجه من ابنتي النبي رقية ثم أم كلثوم (نحو 47 ق.هـ – 35هـ / 576–656م)، ثالث الخلفاء الراشدين وأحد العشرة المبشرين بالجنة. من السابقين الأولين إلى الإسلام وهاجر الهجرتين إلى الحبشة ثم المدينة. اشتهر بالسخاء العظيم؛ فجهّز جيش العسرة واشترى بئر رومة ووسع المسجد النبوي. تولى الخلافة سنة 23هـ بعد الشورى التي عهد بها عمر بن الخطاب، فامتدت الفتوحات في عهده شرقاً وغرباً وأنشأ أول أسطول بحري إسلامي. ويُعد أعظم إنجازاته التاريخية نسخ القرآن الكريم وتوحيد الأمة على المصحف العثماني الإمام وإرسال نسخه إلى الأمصار صيانةً للفظ التنزيل من الاختلاف."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/uthman-ibn-affan",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "Uthman ibn Affan was the third of the Rightly Guided Caliphs (644–656 CE). He married two daughters of the Prophet one after the other, ordered an authoritative codex of the Qur'an, and died under siege in his house in Medina at the hands of rebels."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Life",
     "markdown": "Uthman was one of the wealthy men of the [[group/banu-umayya|Banu Umayya]], and he was among the first to become Muslim through [[person/abu-bakr|Abu Bakr]]. {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley} He married two daughters of the Prophet one after the other, Ruqayya and then Umm Kulthum, and so he was called “Dhu al-Nurayn” (the Possessor of Two Lights). He emigrated during the [[event/hijra|Hijra]], and he was the envoy of the Muslims to Mecca at [[event/treaty-of-hudaybiyya|Hudaybiyya]]. {cite:ibn-ishaq-guillaume}.\n\nThe shura council that Umar appointed chose him, and he ruled for twelve years. During his rule the conquests extended to Armenia and North Africa. In the most lasting part of his work, a committee headed by [[person/zayd-ibn-thabit|Zayd ibn Thabit]] produced the authoritative codex, and copies were sent to the regional capitals. {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}. In his last years, complaints grew about the appointment of his relatives and about his financial policy. In June 656 CE, groups of rebels from Egypt and Iraq besieged him and killed him in Medina, and with this the First Civil War began. {cite:watt-1956-medina}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Legacy",
     "markdown": "Every Qur'an codex opened today goes back to the script established by his committee. Every argument about the limits of the caliph's duty and the rights of his subjects passes through his killing."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "Uthman gathered the scattered pages of the Qur'an into a single authoritative book, which Muslims read today. His killing began the first civil war in the community."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In the secret call (The Sealed Nectar p.76)",
     "markdown": "The book counts him among those who became Muslim through [[person/abu-bakr|Abu Bakr]] during the years of the [[event/al-dawa-al-sirriyya|secret call]], one of the eight who went before the people and formed the first vanguard and the front line of Islam. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.76} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/245-262}. The book refers to him by his Umayyad lineage. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.76}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For Sprouts",
     "markdown": "Uthman ibn Affan was the third righteous caliph, known for modesty and generosity, who unified the Qur'an into one standard text."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For Explorers",
     "markdown": "Uthman ibn Affan, titled Dhu al-Nurayn, was the third caliph and an early convert to Islam. Renowned for his vast generosity, he outfitted the expedition of Tabuk and bought the well of Rumah as an enduring public endowment. His most significant service as caliph was standardizing the Qur'an into a unified text distributed across the regions."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For Scholars",
     "markdown": "Abu Abd Allah Uthman ibn Affan (c. 47 BH – 35 AH / 576–656 CE), titled Dhu al-Nurayn (Possessor of the Two Lights), the third Rightly Guided Caliph (23–35 AH). An early convert who participated in both migrations to Abyssinia and Medina, he was famed for his immense philanthropic endowments, financing the Tabuk campaign, purchasing the well of Rumah for public use, and expanding the Prophet's Mosque. Elected caliph following the council appointed by Umar, his era saw major territorial expansions and the creation of the first Islamic navy. His crowning historical legacy remains the authoritative compilation and distribution of the standard Uthmanic codex of the Qur'an."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/uthman-ibn-affan",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "تعارف",
     "markdown": "عثمان بن عفان راشدین خلفاء میں تیسرے خلیفہ تھے (644–656ء)۔ انہوں نے نبی کی دو صاحبزادیوں سے یکے بعد دیگرے نکاح کیا، قرآن کا ایک معتمد مصحف تیار کرنے کا حکم دیا، اور مدینہ میں اپنے گھر میں باغیوں کے ہاتھوں محاصرے کی حالت میں شہید ہوئے۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "زندگی",
     "markdown": "وہ [[group/banu-umayya|بنو امیہ]] کے مالدار لوگوں میں سے تھے، اور [[person/abu-bakr|ابوبکر]] کے ہاتھ پر اسلام لانے والوں میں شامل تھے۔ {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley} انہوں نے نبی کی دو صاحبزادیوں، رقیہ اور پھر ام کلثوم، سے نکاح کیا، اسی لیے انہیں «ذوالنورین» کا لقب ملا۔ وہ [[event/hijra|ہجرت]] کے سفر میں شریک ہوئے، اور [[event/treaty-of-hudaybiyya|حدیبیہ]] کے موقع پر مسلمانوں کے قاصد بن کر مکہ گئے۔ {cite:ibn-ishaq-guillaume}\n\nعمر کی مقرر کردہ شورٰی نے انہیں منتخب کیا اور وہ بارہ سال خلیفہ رہے۔ ان کے دور میں فتوحات آرمینیہ اور شمالی افریقہ تک پھیلیں۔ اسی دور کے کام میں سے ایک یہ تھا کہ [[person/zayd-ibn-thabit|زید بن ثابت]] کی سربراہی میں ایک کمیٹی نے معتمد مصحف تیار کیا، اور اس کی نقلیں شہروں میں بھیجی گئیں۔ {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley} ان کے آخری برسوں میں اپنے رشتہ داروں کو عہدے دینے اور ان کی مالی پالیسی پر شکایات بڑھ گئیں۔ جون 656ء میں مصر اور عراق سے آئے ہوئے باغیوں کے گروہوں نے ان کا محاصرہ کیا اور مدینہ میں انہیں قتل کر دیا، اور یوں پہلا فتنہ شروع ہوا۔ {cite:watt-1956-medina}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "اثر",
     "markdown": "آج جو بھی مصحف کھولا جاتا ہے وہ اسی رسم الخط پر ہے جو ان کی کمیٹی نے طے کیا۔ خلیفہ کے فرائض اور ان کے اہل کے حقوق کی حدود سے متعلق ہر بحث ان کے قتل تک جا پہنچتی ہے۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "چھوٹے قارئین کے لیے",
     "markdown": "عثمان نے قرآن کے بکھرے ہوئے صفحات جمع کر کے ایک معتمد کتاب بنائی، وہی جسے مسلمان آج پڑھتے ہیں۔ ان کے قتل سے جماعت کی پہلی خانہ جنگی شروع ہوئی۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "خفیہ دعوت کے دور میں (الرحیق المختوم، صفحہ 76)",
     "markdown": "کتاب انہیں ان لوگوں میں شمار کرتی ہے جو [[event/al-dawa-al-sirriyya|خفیہ دعوت]] کے برسوں میں [[person/abu-bakr|ابوبکر]] کی دعوت سے مسلمان ہوئے، اور ان آٹھ افراد میں سے ایک تھے جو دوسروں سے پہلے ایمان لائے اور اسلام کے پہلے دستے میں شامل تھے۔ {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.76} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/245-262} کتاب انہیں ان کے اموی نسب کے ساتھ ذکر کرتی ہے۔ {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.76}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "کونپلوں کے لیے",
     "markdown": "عثمان بن عفان تیسرے خلیفہ راشد تھے، جو حیا اور سخاوت کے پیکر تھے، اور انہوں نے قرآن مجید کو ایک مصحف میں یکجا کیا۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "مہم جوؤں کے لیے",
     "markdown": "عثمان بن عفان، ملقب بہ ذو النورین، تیسرے خلیفہ راشد اور سابقین اولین میں سے تھے۔ وہ اپنی سخاوت کے لیے مشہور تھے جنہوں نے غزوۂ تبوک کی تیاری میں مدد کی اور بئرِ رومہ خرید کر مسلمانوں کے لیے وقف کیا۔ ان کی خلافت کا سب سے بڑا کارنامہ قرآن مجید کے مصحف کو ایک متفقہ نسخے پر یکجا کر کے تمام شہروں میں بھیجنا تھا۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "طالبِ علم کے لیے",
     "markdown": "ابو عبد اللہ عثمان بن عفان ملقب بہ ذو النورین (تقریباً 47 قبل ہجرت – 35 ہجری / 576–656 عیسوی) تیسرے خلیفہ راشد ہیں۔ حبشہ اور مدینہ کی دونوں ہجرتوں میں شریک رہے اور اپنی بے مثال سخاوت کے لیے مشہور ہوئے، غزوۂ تبوک کا لشکر تیار کرایا اور بئرِ رومہ وقف کیا۔ 23 ہجری میں خلافت سنبھالی اور ان کے دور میں فتوحات کے ساتھ ساتھ پہلا اسلامی بحری بیڑہ تیار ہوا۔ ان کا سب سے بڑا کارنامہ امت کو قرآن مجید کے ایک متفقہ نسخے (مصحفِ عثمانی) پر جمع کرنا تھا۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/uthman-ibn-affan",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  }
 },
 "degree": 210,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/abdullah-ibn-salam",
  "person/amr-ibn-al-as",
  "person/halima-al-sadiyya",
  "person/salman-al-farisi",
  "person/umm-ayman",
  "person/abbas-ibn-abd-al-muttalib",
  "person/abu-sufyan-ibn-harb",
  "person/zirr-ibn-hubaysh",
  "person/sajah",
  "person/umm-salama",
  "person/heraclius",
  "person/hind-bint-utba"
 ],
 "updated": "2026-10-29",
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "person/al-walid-ibn-uqba",
   "type": "sibling_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-hajar-isaba"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/ruqayya-bint-muhammad",
   "type": "spouse_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "note": "تزوجها عثمان بن عفان بعد ردّ أبي لهب خِطبة ابنه لها؛ هاجرت معه إلى الحبشة فكانت ذات الهجرتين (نساء حول الرسول ص404-408).",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-hajar-isaba",
    "source/nisa-hawl-alrasul"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/umm-kulthum-bint-muhammad",
   "type": "spouse_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-hajar-isaba"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/taif",
   "type": "born_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "place/medina",
   "type": "died_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "group/banu-umayya",
   "type": "member_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "group/quraysh",
   "type": "member_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abu-bakr",
   "type": "converted_under",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/hijra",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/treaty-of-hudaybiyya",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "envoy-to-mecca",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/first-migration-to-abyssinia",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/umar-ibn-al-khattab",
   "type": "successor_of",
   "inverse": false,
   "start": {
    "edtf": "0644-11"
   },
   "sources": [
    "source/watt-1956-medina"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "work/mushaf-uthmani",
   "type": "commissioned",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "The standard recension of the Qur'an produced under his caliphate.",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/murder-of-uthman",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "victim",
   "sources": [
    "source/watt-1956-medina"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/abu-dharr-exile",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "الخليفة",
   "sources": [
    "source/kamil-ibn-al-athir"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/al-dawa-al-sirriyya",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "أسلم بدعوة أبي بكر",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/ali-defends-uthman-during-siege",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "المحاصر",
   "sources": [
    "source/sallabi-ali-vol1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/ali-flogs-al-walid-ibn-uqba",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "أمر بإقامة الحد على الوليد",
   "sources": [
    "source/sallabi-ali-vol1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/ali-refuses-to-lead-prayer-during-siege",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "كان محصوراً في داره",
   "sources": [
    "source/abqariyyat-ali-aqqad"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/amr-dismissal-egypt",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "العازل المولّي",
   "sources": [
    "source/futuh-buldan-maarif-1407"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/ata-inheritance-cases",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "المعطي",
   "sources": [
    "source/futuh-buldan-maarif-1407"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/baya-of-uthman",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "المبايع بالخلافة",
   "sources": [
    "source/tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/bayat-al-ridwan",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "السفير الذي أشيع مقتله فكانت البيعة بسببه",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/sahih-al-bukhari"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/conquest-of-andalus-raid",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "الخليفة",
   "sources": [
    "source/kamil-ibn-al-athir"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/conquest-of-qaliqala",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "الآمر بالغزو",
   "sources": [
    "source/futuh-buldan-maarif-1407"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/conquest-of-shimshat",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "جامع الولاية لمعاوية",
   "sources": [
    "source/futuh-buldan-maarif-1407"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/death-of-abu-dharr-at-al-rabadha",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "ذُكر في الرواية بوصف نفيه إياه إلى الربذة",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-hisham-saqqa"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/death-of-umm-kulthum-bint-muhammad",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "widower-called-dhu-al-nurayn",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/diwan-founding",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "مشير بالإحصاء",
   "sources": [
    "source/futuh-buldan-maarif-1407"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/expedition-of-dhu-amarr",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "نائب النبي على المدينة المنورة",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/expulsion-of-najran",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "حطّ عنهم مائتي حلة",
   "sources": [
    "source/futuh-buldan-maarif-1407"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/first-raid-on-cyprus",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "أذن له بشرط اصطحاب امرأته",
   "sources": [
    "source/futuh-buldan-maarif-1407",
    "source/tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/first-raid-on-ifriqiya",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "الآمر بالغزوة",
   "sources": [
    "source/futuh-buldan-maarif-1407"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/forged-letter-affair",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "نُسب إليه الكتاب، ونفى ذلك الكتاب",
   "sources": [
    "source/sallabi-ali-vol1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/hakim-sind-report",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "الخليفة السائل",
   "sources": [
    "source/futuh-buldan-maarif-1407"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/kharaj-milking-egypt",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "صاحب المثل",
   "sources": [
    "source/futuh-buldan-maarif-1407"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/masjid-nabawi-expansion-29",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "الخليفة",
   "sources": [
    "source/kamil-ibn-al-athir"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/muawiya-demand-for-uthman-killers",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "المقتول الذي طُلب القصاص لدمه",
   "sources": [
    "source/sallabi-ali-vol1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/salman-arran-campaign",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "الآمر بالمسير إلى أران",
   "sources": [
    "source/futuh-buldan-maarif-1407"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/seal-in-well-aris",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/kamil-ibn-al-athir"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/seal-of-caliphate-loss",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "ضاع من يده",
   "sources": [
    "source/futuh-buldan-maarif-1407"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/umar-judges-ali-abbas-inheritance",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "من الرهط الذين حضروا، وأقرّوا بالحديث",
   "sources": [
    "source/sallabi-ali-vol1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/uthman-consults-on-ifriqiya",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "المستشير والآمر بالغزو",
   "sources": [
    "source/sallabi-ali-vol1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/uthman-funds-the-army-of-hardship",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "donor",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-hisham-saqqa"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/uthman-iqta-grants",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "المقطع",
   "sources": [
    "source/futuh-buldan-maarif-1407"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/uthman-settlement-with-delegations",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "صالح الوفود على انفراد",
   "sources": [
    "source/sallabi-ali-vol1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/uthman-standardizes-mushaf",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "صاحب الأمر",
   "sources": [
    "source/sahih-al-bukhari"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/walid-ibn-uqba-scandal",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "الخليفة",
   "sources": [
    "source/kamil-ibn-al-athir"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/bukhari-4987",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/sahih-al-bukhari"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muslim-0533",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/sahih-muslim"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muslim-1400",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/sahih-muslim"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muslim-2401",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/sahih-muslim"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-1-014",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-1-057",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-1-065",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-1-113",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-1-214",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-1-220",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-1-262",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-1-275",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-1-348",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-1-435",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-1-478",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-1-491",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-13-1457",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-13-1477",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-14-1543",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-15-1638",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-15-1661",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-15-1662",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-15-1663",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-15-1664",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muwatta-15-1672",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/muwatta-maruf-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
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 "related": [
  "person/umar-ibn-al-khattab",
  "person/malik-ibn-anas",
  "person/ali-ibn-abi-talib",
  "person/muhammad",
  "person/muhammad-ibn-shihab-al-zuhri",
  "place/medina",
  "passage/muwatta-kitab-01-salat",
  "person/abu-bakr"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}