{
 "id": "place/baghdad",
 "class": "place",
 "slug": "baghdad",
 "label": {
  "en": "Baghdad",
  "ar": "بغداد"
 },
 "summary": {
  "en": "Capital of the Abbasid caliphate, founded by al-Mansur in 762 CE and a great centre of learning.",
  "ar": "عاصمة الخلافة العباسية، أسسها المنصور سنة 762م، وكانت مركزًا كبيرًا للعلم. وعند المسعودي بنى المنصور على كل باب من أبواب مدينته الأربعة مجلساً يشرف منه على ما يليه من البلاد وهي شوارع محدقة وطاقات معقودة باقية إلى سنة اثنتين وثلاثين وثلثمائة، أولها باب خراسان وكان يسمى باب الدولة لإقبال الدولة العباسية من خراسان ثم باب الشام فباب الكوفة فباب البصرة، وبينما هو في مجلس باب خراسان سقط بين يديه سهم مكتوب عليه أبيات في الوعظ وهمذان منها رجل مظلوم في حبسك، ففتشوا الحبوس فوجدوا شيخاً موثقاً بالحديد منذ أربعة أعوام أخذ الوالي ضيعته، فأطلقه ورد عليه ضيعته بخراجها وعرض عليه ولاية همذان فأباها وعفا عن الوالي {cite:muruj-al-dhahab p. 276-278}. ووصفها المقدسي نحو 375هـ: «هواء رقيق وعلم دقيق، كل جيد بها وكل حسن فيها وكل حاذق منها وكل ظرف لها وكل قلب إليها وكل حرب عليها وكل ذب عنها» — مع خشيته أن تعود كسامراء إذ هي في كل يوم إلى وراء؛ وروى أن المنصور أمر رجالاً ينامون في موضعها فصول السنة ليعرف شتاءها وصيفها وبقّها قبل أن يبني، وأن أبا حنيفة كان فيمن أحضرهم للاستشارة في خطّها سنة 145 وأنفق عليها أربعة آلاف ألف وثمانمائة وثلاثة وثلاثين درهماً {cite:ahsan-al-taqasim pp. 107-109}"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "place"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "levant-iraq"
 ],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 761.9998357255795,
  "latest": 762.9991717830987
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "0762",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "historical",
   "sources": [
    "source/muruj-al-dhahab"
   ],
   "note": "Founded by al-Mansur in 762 CE (muruj al-dhahab p. 276-278; the infobox of the English Wikipedia article gives 30 July 762, not used here)."
  }
 },
 "coordinates": [
  33.3406,
  44.4009
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "city",
  "coordinates": [
   33.3406,
   44.4009
  ],
  "coordinate_precision": "site",
  "external_ids": {
   "wikidata": "Q1530",
   "geonames": "98182",
   "pleiades": "893952"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/farghani-elements-astronomy",
   "source/geonames-gazetteer",
   "source/muruj-al-dhahab",
   "source/ahsan-al-taqasim"
  ],
  "education": {
   "did_you_know": {
    "ar": "لُقّبت بغداد بمدينة السلام، وكانت في القرن الثالث الهجري أوسع مدن الدنيا؛ قدّر الجغرافيون أهلها بمئات الألوف.",
    "en": "Baghdad, the City of Peace, was the widest of the world's cities in the third Hijri century; geographers counted its people in the hundreds of thousands.",
    "ur": "بغداد شہرِ سلامت کہلایا اور تیسری ہجری صدی میں دنیا کا سب سے بڑا شہر تھا؛ جغرافیہ دانوں نے اس کی آبادی لاکھوں میں گنی۔",
    "sources": [
     "source/muruj-al-dhahab",
     "source/ahsan-al-taqasim"
    ]
   },
   "levels": [
    "sprouts",
    "explorers",
    "scholars"
   ],
   "flagged_for_kids": true,
   "provenance": {
    "generated_by": "Devin",
    "model": "gemini-2.5-pro",
    "run": "education-E2-batch3",
    "note": "Leveled texts drafted from the record's own summary and prose; draft, pending the founder's review and scholar review of the child levels."
   }
  },
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1,
   "generated_by": "Claude Sonnet 5.5; coordinates from GeoNames; descriptive facts to be checked against reference works"
  },
  "founded": {
   "edtf": "0762",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "historical",
   "sources": [
    "source/muruj-al-dhahab"
   ],
   "note": "Founded by al-Mansur in 762 CE (muruj al-dhahab p. 276-278; the infobox of the English Wikipedia article gives 30 July 762, not used here)."
  },
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "The sources cited in this record: [source/farghani-elements-astronomy, source/geonames-gazetteer, source/muruj-al-dhahab, source/ahsan-al-taqasim]. Provenance recorded on 28 October 2026 from git history (created in commit f5fbfe41a2).",
   "generated_by": "unknown (created in commit f5fbfe41a2; no agent trailer)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نبذة",
     "markdown": "عاصمة الخلافة العباسية، أسسها المنصور سنة 762م، وكانت مركزًا كبيرًا للعلم."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الموقع",
     "markdown": "إحداثياته التقريبية 33.3406 شمالًا و44.4009 شرقًا {cite:geonames-gazetteer}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في المتحف",
     "markdown": "تضم مواد المتحف عن هذا المكان: من وُلدوا فيه: 1، الدول التي كان عاصمة لها: 1.\n\n### من وُلدوا فيه\n- [[person/ibn-rajab|ابن رجب الحنبلي]]\n\n### الدول التي كان عاصمة لها\n- [[polity/abbasid-caliphate|الدولة العباسية]] (750م)"
    },
    {
     "heading": "ما تغطيه هذه الصفحة",
     "markdown": "هذه الصفحة جامعة لما يربطه المتحف بالمكان من أحداث وأشخاص ومبانٍ، وليست وصفًا تاريخيًّا كاملًا له؛ ويُضاف وصف المكان وتاريخه من المصادر الأصلية مع الدفعات القادمة."
    },
    {
     "heading": "من الصفحات 201 إلى 388: حواشي غوليوس على بغداد",
     "markdown": "يذكر غوليوس أن المنصور بنى بغداد على الضفة الغربية من دجلة، وسماها «مدينة السلام»، وأن الرصافة بُنيت في الشرق {cite:farghani-elements-astronomy p. 365}{cite:farghani-elements-astronomy p. 366}. ويورد عرض المدينة 33 درجة و20 دقيقة عند فلكيي المأمون، و33 درجة و25 دقيقة عند المتأخرين، وهي قراءة OCR مشكوك فيها {cite:farghani-elements-astronomy p. 365}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للبراعم",
     "markdown": "بغداد عاصمة العلم والتاريخ في العراق، بناها العباسيون على نهر دجلة واشتهرت ببيت الحكمة والعلماء."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للمستكشفين",
     "markdown": "بغداد عاصمة العراق ومركز الخلافة العباسية لقرون طويلة، أسسها الخليفة المنصور وسماها مدينة السلام. اشتهرت بتصميمها الدائري البديع على نهر دجلة، وأصبحت أكبر حاضرة للعلوم والفنون في عصرها، حيث ازدهر فيها بيت الحكمة والمدرسة النظامية والمستشفيات، وتوافد إليها الطلاب من أصقاع الأرض."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للدارسين",
     "markdown": "عاصمة الخلافة العباسية وحاضرة الحضارة الإسلامية الكبرى في مشرق العالم الإسلامي، أسسها الخليفة أبو جعفر المنصور سنة 145هـ (762م) على نهر دجلة بموقع استراتيجي يربط طرق التجارة النهرية والبرية. مثلت طوال خمسة قرون القلب النابض للعلوم والآداب والفلسفة والترجمة؛ حيث احتضنت مجمع بيت الحكمة والمدرسة النظامية والمستنصرية والبيمارستانات المتقدمة، واجتمع فيها أئمة الفقه كأبي حنيفة وأحمد بن حنبل، وفلاسفة كالكندي والفارابي، وعلماء كالخوارزمي وابن الهيثم. ظلت ملتقى الفكر الإنساني وعاصمة التجارة العالمية حتى غزو المغول سنة 656هـ، وظلت محتفظة بمكانتها التاريخية كرمز للنهضة الحضارية الإسلامية."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "place/baghdad",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "The capital of the Abbasid caliphate, founded by al-Mansur in the year 762 CE, and a great centre of learning."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Location",
     "markdown": "Its approximate coordinates are 33.3406 N and 44.4009 E {cite:geonames-gazetteer}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In the museum",
     "markdown": "The museum's material on this place includes: people born here: 1, polities of which it was the capital: 1.\n\n### People born here\n- [[person/ibn-rajab|Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali]]\n\n### Polities of which it was the capital\n- [[polity/abbasid-caliphate|The Abbasid Caliphate]] (750 CE)"
    },
    {
     "heading": "What this page covers",
     "markdown": "This page gathers what the museum links to the place: events, people and buildings. It is not a full historical account of the place; a description of the place and its history from original sources will be added in later batches."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For Sprouts",
     "markdown": "Baghdad is Iraq's historic capital of learning, built by the Abbasids on the Tigris River, famous for the House of Wisdom."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For Explorers",
     "markdown": "Baghdad is the capital of Iraq and the historic center of the Abbasid Caliphate for centuries, founded by Caliph al-Mansur as the City of Peace. Famous for its round design on the Tigris River, it became the preeminent metropolis of science and arts, home to the House of Wisdom, the Nizamiyya academy, and hospitals."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For Scholars",
     "markdown": "The imperial capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and the cosmopolitan epicenter of medieval Islamic civilization, founded in 145 AH (762 CE) by Caliph Abu Jafar al-Mansur on the Tigris River at a vital crossroads of Afro-Eurasian trade. For five centuries, it stood as the undisputed global capital of sciences, philosophy, translation, and literature, nurturing the House of Wisdom, the Nizamiyya, and early teaching hospitals. Home to founding jurists like Abu Hanifa and Ahmad ibn Hanbal and master scientists like al-Khwarizmi, Baghdad remains the enduring symbol of the Islamic Golden Age."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "place/baghdad",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "تعارف",
     "markdown": "عباسی خلافت کا دارالحکومت، جسے منصور نے 762ء میں بسایا، اور یہ علم کا ایک بڑا مرکز رہا۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "محلِ وقوع",
     "markdown": "اس کے تقریبی محدد 33.3406 شمال اور 44.4009 مشرق ہیں {cite:geonames-gazetteer}۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "عجائب گھر میں",
     "markdown": "عجائب گھر کے مواد میں اس مقام کے بارے میں یہ چیزیں شامل ہیں: یہاں پیدا ہونے والے: 1، وہ ریاستیں جن کا یہ دارالحکومت رہا: 1۔\n\n### یہاں پیدا ہونے والے\n- [[person/ibn-rajab|ابن رجب حنبلی]]\n\n### وہ ریاستیں جن کا یہ دارالحکومت رہا\n- [[polity/abbasid-caliphate|عباسی خلافت]] (750ء)"
    },
    {
     "heading": "یہ صفحہ کیا بیان کرتا ہے",
     "markdown": "یہ صفحہ عجائب گھر کی ان چیزوں کو یکجا کرتا ہے جو اس مقام سے جڑے واقعات، افراد اور عمارات سے متعلق ہیں۔ یہ اس مقام کا مکمل تاریخی بیان نہیں ہے؛ اس کا تفصیلی بیان اور تاریخ اگلے مراحل میں اصل مصادر سے شامل کی جائے گی۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "کونپلوں کے لیے",
     "markdown": "بغداد عراق کا تاریخی اور علمی دار الحکومت ہے، جسے عباسیوں نے دریائے دجلہ پر بسایا اور جو بیت الحکمہ اور علماء کے لیے مشہور ہوا۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "مہم جوؤں کے لیے",
     "markdown": "بغداد عراق کا دار الحکومت اور صدیوں تک عباسی خلافت کا مرکز رہا، جسے خلیفہ المنصور نے مدینۃ السلام کے نام سے آباد کیا۔ دریائے دجلہ پر اپنے گول نقشے کی وجہ سے مشہور ہونے والا یہ شہر اپنے دور کا سب سے بڑا سائنسی و ادبی مرکز بنا جہاں بیت الحکمہ، مدرسہ نظامیہ اور ہسپتال قائم ہوئے۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "طالبِ علم کے لیے",
     "markdown": "عباسی خلافت کا دار الحکومت اور اسلامی مشرق کا سب سے بڑا تمدنی مرکز، جسے 145 ہجری (762 عیسوی) میں خلیفہ ابو جعفر المنصور نے دریائے دجلہ کے کنارے تجارتی راستوں کے سنگم پر بسایا۔ پانچ صدیوں تک یہ علم، فلسفہ، ترجمہ اور ادب کا عالمی دار الحکومت رہا جہاں بیت الحکمہ اور مدرسہ نظامیہ جیسے ادارے قائم تھے۔ امام ابو حنیفہ، امام احمد بن حنبل، کندی اور خوارزمی جیسے اکابر اسی شہر سے وابستہ رہے، اور یہ اسلامی سنہری دور کی لازوال پہچان ہے۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "place/baghdad",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  }
 },
 "degree": 412,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-28",
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "person/abd-al-latif-al-baghdadi",
   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/shadharat-dhahab"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abd-al-qadir-al-rahawi",
   "type": "visited_by",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/shadharat-dhahab"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abd-al-samad-al-dinawari",
   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
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    "source/muntazam-ibn-al-jawzi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abd-al-samad-al-dinawari",
   "type": "burial_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "مقبرة الإمام أحمد",
   "sources": [
    "source/muntazam-ibn-al-jawzi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abd-al-wahid-al-tamimi",
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   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
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   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abd-al-wahid-al-tamimi",
   "type": "burial_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "إلى جانب قبر الإمام أحمد بمقبرة باب حرب",
   "sources": [
    "source/muntazam-ibn-al-jawzi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abdul-karim-qasim",
   "type": "birthplace_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-abdul-karim-qasim-en",
    "source/wikipedia-abdul-karim-qasim-ar",
    "source/wikidata-abdul-karim-qasim"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abdul-karim-qasim",
   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-abdul-karim-qasim-en",
    "source/wikipedia-abdul-karim-qasim-ar",
    "source/wikidata-abdul-karim-qasim"
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   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
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   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abu-al-najib-al-suhrawardi",
   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/shadharat-dhahab"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abu-al-waqt-al-sijzi",
   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
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   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abu-ishaq-al-shirazi",
   "type": "home_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/tabaqat-fuqaha-abbas-1981"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abu-masud-al-dimashqi",
   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
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   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abu-masud-al-dimashqi",
   "type": "burial_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "مقبرة جامع المنصور",
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   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/ajiba-bint-al-baqdari",
   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/shadharat-dhahab"
   ]
  },
  {
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   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/shadharat-dhahab"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/al-badi-al-asturlabi",
   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
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   ]
  },
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   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
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    "source/shadharat-dhahab"
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   "type": "home_of",
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    "source/muntazam-ibn-al-jawzi"
   ]
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  {
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   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
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   ]
  },
  {
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   "type": "home_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
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   ]
  },
  {
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   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
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   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/al-harimi-abu-mansur",
   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/shadharat-dhahab"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/al-hasan-al-alawi-al-murtada",
   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/shadharat-dhahab"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/al-kamal-al-fuwayra",
   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
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   "inverse": true,
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   "to": "person/al-qasim-ibn-al-qadir",
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   "inverse": true,
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  {
   "to": "person/al-qatii-al-azji",
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   "to": "person/al-samiri-ibn-sinina",
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  {
   "to": "person/al-samiri-ibn-sinina",
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   "to": "person/al-sirafi",
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  {
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    "source/wikipedia-ali-bin-hussein-ar",
    "source/wikidata-ali-bin-hussein"
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  {
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   "to": "person/ali-ibn-al-jawzi",
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  {
   "to": "person/ali-ibn-tirad-al-zaynabi",
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   "to": "person/cemal-pasha",
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   "to": "person/ibn-al-najjar",
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   "to": "person/ibn-dust",
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   "to": "person/ibn-dust",
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   "role": "حذاء منارة جامع المنصور",
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   "to": "person/ibn-hajib-al-numan",
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   "to": "person/nuri-al-said",
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   "to": "person/osman-hamdi-bey",
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  {
   "to": "person/saddam-hussein",
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   "to": "person/suleyman-husnu-pasha",
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   "to": "person/yaqub-ibn-sabir-al-munajjiniqi",
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   "to": "event/abd-al-salam-books-burned-603",
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   "to": "event/abu-al-abbas-imprisonment-275",
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   "to": "event/abu-kalijar-enters-baghdad-436",
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   "to": "event/al-ghazali-leaves-baghdad-1095",
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   "to": "event/al-ghazali-nizamiyya-baghdad-1091",
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  {
   "to": "event/al-qadiriyya-creed-409",
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   "to": "event/al-qaim-accession-422",
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  {
   "to": "event/al-radi-robed-black-403",
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  {
   "to": "event/al-rashid-deposed-530",
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   "inverse": true,
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  {
   "to": "event/amr-transoxiana-investiture-285",
   "type": "site_of",
   "inverse": true,
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  {
   "to": "event/anti-fatimid-mahadir-444",
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  {
   "to": "event/bab-al-taq-fitna-348",
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   "to": "event/bab-sham-fires-309",
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  {
   "to": "event/bab-tibn-desecration-443",
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   "sources": [
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  },
  {
   "to": "event/baghdad-anarchy-416",
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  {
   "to": "event/baghdad-earthquake-450",
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  {
   "to": "event/baghdad-earthquake-511",
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  {
   "to": "event/baghdad-famine-330",
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  {
   "to": "event/baghdad-famine-373",
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  {
   "to": "event/baghdad-fire-485",
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   "inverse": true,
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  {
   "to": "event/baghdad-fitan-601",
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  {
   "to": "event/baghdad-great-snow-398",
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  },
  {
   "to": "event/baghdad-hailstorm-420",
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   "to": "event/baghdad-manifesto-402",
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  {
   "to": "event/baghdad-quakes-347",
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   "sources": [
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  },
  {
   "to": "event/baghdad-rains-collapse-332",
   "type": "site_of",
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   "sources": [
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  },
  {
   "to": "event/baghdad-sectarian-war-483",
   "type": "site_of",
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   "sources": [
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  {
   "to": "event/baha-al-dawla-accession-379",
   "type": "site_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
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  {
   "to": "event/baratha-affair-420",
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   "sources": [
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  },
  {
   "to": "event/baratha-demolition-313",
   "type": "site_of",
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   "sources": [
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  {
   "to": "event/basasiri-coup-450",
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  },
  {
   "to": "event/bint-abi-nuh-funeral-riot-403",
   "type": "contains",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
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  {
   "to": "event/bridge-collapse-303",
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  {
   "to": "event/captives-of-samalu",
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   "inverse": true,
   "note": "أنزلوا على باب الشماسية فسمي الموضع سمالو",
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 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}