{
 "id": "place/cairo",
 "class": "place",
 "slug": "cairo",
 "label": {
  "en": "Cairo",
  "ar": "القاهرة"
 },
 "summary": {
  "en": "Capital of Egypt; al-Qahira was founded by the Fatimids in 969 CE beside Fustat and became home to al-Azhar.",
  "ar": "عاصمة مصر؛ أسس الفاطميون القاهرة سنة 969م بجوار الفسطاط، وفيها الأزهر، ونزل جوهر القائد مولى المعز العبيدي موضعها سنة ثمان وخمسين فاختطها وبنى دار الإمارة المعروفة بالقصرين {cite:tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434 p. 620-621}."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "place"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "egypt-nile"
 ],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 969.0020328959527,
  "latest": 970.0013689534718
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "0969",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "historical",
   "sources": [
    "source/khitat-maqrizi-1998"
   ],
   "note": "Founded by the Fatimids in 969 CE beside Fustat (khitat al-Maqrizi p.1030)."
  }
 },
 "coordinates": [
  30.0626,
  31.2497
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "city",
  "coordinates": [
   30.0626,
   31.2497
  ],
  "coordinate_precision": "site",
  "external_ids": {
   "wikidata": "Q85",
   "geonames": "360630",
   "pleiades": "727082"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/khitat-maqrizi-1998",
   "source/geonames-gazetteer",
   "source/tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434",
   "source/ahsan-al-taqasim",
   "source/farghani-elements-astronomy"
  ],
  "education": {
   "did_you_know": {
    "ar": "أسّس الفاطميون القاهرة سنة ٩٦٩م إلى جوار الفسطاط؛ فصارت دار الأزهر وعاصمة ثلاث دول.",
    "en": "The Fatimids founded Cairo in 969 CE beside Fustat; it became the seat of al-Azhar and the capital of three polities.",
    "ur": "فاطمیوں نے 969ء میں فسطاط کے پاس قاہرہ بسایا؛ وہ دار الازہر اور تین سلطنتوں کا دارالحکومت بنا۔",
    "sources": [
     "source/khitat-maqrizi-1998",
     "source/ahsan-al-taqasim"
    ]
   },
   "levels": [
    "sprouts",
    "explorers",
    "scholars"
   ],
   "flagged_for_kids": true,
   "provenance": {
    "generated_by": "Devin",
    "model": "gemini-2.5-pro",
    "run": "education-E2-batch3",
    "note": "Leveled texts drafted from the record's own summary and prose; draft, pending the founder's review and scholar review of the child levels."
   }
  },
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "completeness": 3,
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5; the founding, the first walls and the Fatimid seat are read from al-Maqrizi's Khitat (local scan, pp. 1001, 1030, 1067); the earlier sentences keep their own citations; the education levels are unchanged and still pending the founder's review"
  },
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa-l-i'tibar (al-Khitat), Madbouli 1998, scan pp. 404, 829, 1001, 1030, 1067; coordinates from GeoNames",
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), showcase-prose lane",
   "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
   "run": "showcase-prose-phase2-egypt-batch1"
  },
  "founded": {
   "edtf": "0969",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "historical",
   "sources": [
    "source/khitat-maqrizi-1998"
   ],
   "note": "Founded by the Fatimids in 969 CE beside Fustat (khitat al-Maqrizi p.1030)."
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نبذة",
     "markdown": "عاصمة مصر؛ أسس الفاطميون القاهرة سنة 969م بجوار الفسطاط، وفيها الأزهر."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الموقع",
     "markdown": "إحداثياته التقريبية 30.0626 شمالًا و31.2497 شرقًا {cite:geonames-gazetteer}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في المتحف",
     "markdown": "تضم مواد المتحف عن هذا المكان: الدول التي كان عاصمة لها: 3.\n\n### الدول التي كان عاصمة لها\n- [[polity/abbasid-caliphate|الدولة العباسية]] (750م)\n- [[polity/ayyubid-dynasty|الدولة الأيوبية]] (1171م)\n- [[polity/fatimid-caliphate|الدولة الفاطمية]] (909م)"
    },
    {
     "heading": "ما تغطيه هذه الصفحة",
     "markdown": "هذه الصفحة جامعة لما يربطه المتحف بالمكان من أحداث وأشخاص ومبانٍ، وليست وصفًا تاريخيًّا كاملًا له؛ ويُضاف وصف المكان وتاريخه من المصادر الأصلية مع الدفعات القادمة.\n\nيذكر غوليوس أن جوهر، قائد الفاطميين، بنى القاهرة سنة 360هـ مقراً للدولة الفاطمية شمالي الفسطاط. {cite:farghani-elements-astronomy p. 397} وأن الفاطميين سمّوها القاهرة، وأرادوا بذلك النسبة إلى فاطمة بنت النبي. {cite:farghani-elements-astronomy p. 398}\n\nوفي سنة 564هـ أمر شاور بإشعال حريق في الفسطاط ومصر ليمنع الفرنج من الاستيلاء عليها، وطلب الفرنج مليون دينار ثمناً للصلح. ولما أُخذت الإسكندرية ودمياط من الفرنج أحاط صلاح الدين القاهرة بسور أقوى. {cite:farghani-elements-astronomy p. 398}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "التأسيس والمدينة الفاطمية",
     "markdown": "دخل القائد جوهر بعساكر المعز لدين الله موضع القاهرة في شعبان سنة 358هـ، فاستقر هناك واختط القصر، وأدار أول سور من اللبن على القصر والجامع. {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1030} {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1067}\n\nسمّى جوهر السور الأول «المنصورية»، إلى أن قدم المعز من المغرب فسمّاها القاهرة. ويُروى أن المنجّمين اختاروا طالعاً كان فيه المريخ قاهراً للفلك، فكان ذلك سبب التسمية. {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1067}\n\nوتختلف الروايات في تاريخ الاختطاط: فالمقريزي يذكر وصول جوهر سنة 358هـ، ويذكر رواية أخرى أن القاهرة اختُطّت في جمادى الآخرة سنة 359هـ. {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1030}\n\nويعد المقريزي القاهرة الموضع الرابع الذي انتقل إليه سرير السلطنة في أرض مصر في الإسلام، بعد الفسطاط ثم العسكر ثم القطائع. {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1001}\n\nصارت القاهرة دار خلافة يسكنها الخليفة بحرمه وخواصه، ثم سكنها بعد الفاطميين صلاح الدين وبنوه والملوك من بعدهم، إلى أن انتقل الملك الكامل من القاهرة إلى قلعة الجبل، فصارت القاهرة مدينة سكنى بعدما كانت حصناً يُعتقل فيه. {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1001}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "للبراعم",
     "markdown": "القاهرة عاصمة مصر التاريخية، مدينة الألف مئذنة، فيها الجامع الأزهر الشريف وأسواق التراث الجميلة."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للمستكشفين",
     "markdown": "القاهرة مدينة عريقة تقع على ضفاف نهر النيل بمصر، أسسها القائد جوهر الصقلي في العهد الفاطمي سنة 358 للهجرة بجوار الفسطاط. لُقبت بمدينة الألف مئذنة لكثرة مساجدها ومدارسها التاريخية كالأزهر الشريف وجامع السلطان حسن، وازدهرت في العصور الأيوبية والمملوكة كمركز للتجارة والتعليم."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للدارسين",
     "markdown": "حاضرة مصر وعاصمة العالم العربي والإسلامي التاريخية على الضفة الشرقية لنهر النيل. تأسست «القاهرة المعزية» سنة 358هـ (969م) على يد القائد جوهر الصقلي بأمر من الخليفة الفاطمي المعز لدين الله شمال الفسطاط والعسكر والقطائع. أصبحت منذ عهد صلاح الدين الأيوبي وسلاطين المماليك المركز القيادي الأبرز في المشرق الإسلامي عقب سقوط بغداد سنة 656هـ؛ حيث احتضنت الخلافة العباسية الرمزية، وجامع الأزهر الذي تحول إلى كبرى جامعات العالم الإسلامي، ومدارس وبيمارستانات المماليك ذات العمارة الحجرية الفارهة، إلى جانب موقعها المحوري في شبكات التجارة الدولية بين البحر المتوسط والمحيط الهندي."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "place/cairo",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-24"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "The capital of Egypt. The Fatimids founded Cairo in the year 969 CE beside Fustat, and in it is al-Azhar."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Location",
     "markdown": "Its approximate coordinates are 30.0626 N and 31.2497 E {cite:geonames-gazetteer}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In the museum",
     "markdown": "The museum's material on this place includes: polities of which it was the capital: 3.\n\n### Polities of which it was the capital\n- [[polity/abbasid-caliphate|The Abbasid Caliphate]] (750 CE)\n- [[polity/ayyubid-dynasty|The Ayyubid dynasty]] (1171 CE)\n- [[polity/fatimid-caliphate|The Fatimid Caliphate]] (909 CE)"
    },
    {
     "heading": "What this page covers",
     "markdown": "This page gathers what the museum links to the place: events, people and buildings. It is not a full historical account of the place; a description of the place and its history from original sources will be added in later batches."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Founding and the Fatimid city",
     "markdown": "Jawhar, the commander of al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, reached the site of Cairo on 17 Sha'ban 358 AH, settled there and laid out the palace, and built the first wall, of mud brick, around the palace and the mosque. {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1030} {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1067}\n\nJawhar called that first wall al-Mansuriyya, until al-Mu'izz arrived from the Maghrib and named the city al-Qahira. It is said that the astrologers chose an hour in which Mars was \"the conqueror of the sphere\" (qahir al-falak), and that this gave the city its name. {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1067}\n\nAccounts differ on the date of the laying-out. Al-Maqrizi gives Jawhar's arrival as 358 AH and reports another account that the city was laid out in Jumada II 359 AH. {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1030}\n\nAl-Maqrizi counts Cairo as the fourth place in Egypt, in the Islamic period, to which the seat of rule moved, after Fustat, al-Askar and al-Qata'i. {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1001}\n\nCairo became the caliphal residence, where the caliph lived with his household and his closest people. After the Fatimids, Saladin and his sons and the rulers after them lived there, until al-Kamil moved from Cairo to the Citadel (Qal'at al-Jabal). Cairo then became a city of residence, after it had been a fortress in which one was held. {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1001}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "For Sprouts",
     "markdown": "Cairo is Egypt's historic capital, the city of a thousand minarets, home to the noble al-Azhar Mosque and vibrant heritage."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For Explorers",
     "markdown": "Cairo is an ancient city on the banks of the Nile River in Egypt, founded by the general Jawhar al-Siqilli in the Fatimid era in 358 AH near historic Fustat. Called the City of a Thousand Minarets for its abundant mosques and colleges like al-Azhar and Sultan Hasan, it flourished under the Ayyubids and Mamluks as a hub of commerce and scholarship."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For Scholars",
     "markdown": "The historic capital of Egypt and one of the supreme metropolitan centers of Islamic civilization, situated along the eastern bank of the Nile. Founded as 'al-Qahira al-Mu'izziyya' in 358 AH (969 CE) by the Fatimid commander Jawhar al-Siqilli north of earlier settlements at Fustat and al-Qata'i. Following the fall of Baghdad in 656 AH, Cairo became the preeminent political and intellectual capital of the central Islamic lands under the Ayyubids and Mamluks, hosting the symbolic Abbasid caliphate, al-Azhar University, and monumental stone-carved colleges and hospitals controlling Mediterranean-Red Sea trade."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "place/cairo",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-24"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "مصر کا دارالحکومت؛ فاطمیوں نے 969ء میں فسطاط کے پہلو میں قاہرہ کی بنیاد رکھی، اور یہیں الازہر واقع ہے۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "مقام",
     "markdown": "اس کے تقریبی جغرافیائی محددات 30.0626 شمال اور 31.2497 مشرق ہیں {cite:geonames-gazetteer}۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "متحف میں",
     "markdown": "متحف کے مواد میں اس مقام کے بارے میں یہ درج ہے: جن ریاستوں کا یہ دارالحکومت رہا ان کی تعداد: 3۔\n\n### وہ ریاستیں جن کا یہ دارالحکومت رہا\n- [[polity/abbasid-caliphate|عباسی ریاست]] (750ء)\n- [[polity/ayyubid-dynasty|ایوبی ریاست]] (1171ء)\n- [[polity/fatimid-caliphate|فاطمی ریاست]] (909ء)"
    },
    {
     "heading": "اس صفحے کا دائرہ",
     "markdown": "یہ صفحہ ان واقعات، شخصیات اور عمارات کو جمع کرتا ہے جنہیں متحف اس مقام سے جوڑتا ہے، اور یہ اس کی مکمل تاریخی تفصیل نہیں۔ مقام کا بیان اور اس کی تاریخ اگلی کھیپوں میں اصل ماخذوں سے شامل کی جائے گی۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "بنیاد اور فاطمی شہر",
     "markdown": "قائد جوہر، جو المعز لدین اللہ کے سپہ سالار تھے، 17 شعبان 358 ہجری کو قاہرہ کی جگہ پہنچے، وہاں ٹھہرے، محل کی بنیاد رکھی، اور محل اور جامع کے گرد کچی اینٹوں کی پہلی فصیل بنوائی۔ {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1030} {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1067}\n\nجوہر نے پہلی فصیل کو «المنصورہ» کہا، یہاں تک کہ المعز مغرب سے آئے اور شہر کا نام القاہرہ رکھا۔ کہا جاتا ہے کہ منجموں نے ایسا ستارہ چنا جس میں مریخ «فلک کو زیر کرنے والا» تھا، اور یہی اس نام کا سبب بنا۔ {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1067}\n\nتاریخِ بنیاد میں روایات مختلف ہیں: مقریزی جوہر کی آمد 358 ہجری بتاتے ہیں، اور ایک اور روایت کے مطابق قاہرہ جمادی الآخرہ 359 ہجری میں آباد کیا گیا۔ {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1030}\n\nمقریزی کے نزدیک قاہرہ اسلامی دور میں مصر کی وہ چوتھی جگہ ہے جہاں حکومت کا تخت منتقل ہوا، فسطاط، عسکر اور قطائع کے بعد۔ {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1001}\n\nقاہرہ خلیفہ کی رہائش گاہ بنا، جہاں خلیفہ اپنے حرم اور خواص کے ساتھ رہتا تھا۔ فاطمیوں کے بعد صلاح الدین، ان کے بیٹے اور ان کے بعد کے حکمران یہاں رہے، یہاں تک کہ ملک الکامل قاہرہ سے قلعۂ جبل منتقل ہوئے۔ پھر قاہرہ ایک رہائشی شہر بن گیا، جب کہ پہلے یہ ایک قلعہ تھا جس میں قید رکھا جاتا تھا۔ {cite:khitat-maqrizi-1998 p.1001}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "کونپلوں کے لیے",
     "markdown": "قاہرہ مصر کا تاریخی دار الحکومت اور ہزار میناروں کا شہر ہے، جس میں جامعہ ازہر اور خوبصورت روایتی بازار واقع ہیں۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "مہم جوؤں کے لیے",
     "markdown": "قاہرہ دریائے نیل کے کنارے واقع مصر کا ایک تاریخی شہر ہے جسے فاطمی دور میں 358 ہجری میں فسطاط کے قریب بسایا گیا۔ مساجد اور مدارس کی کثرت کی وجہ سے اسے 'ہزار میناروں کا شہر' کہا گیا، جس میں جامعہ ازہر اور سلطان حسن مسجد شامل ہیں، اور ایوبی اور مملوک ادوار میں یہ تجارت اور تعلیم کا بڑا مرکز رہا۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "طالبِ علم کے لیے",
     "markdown": "مصر کا دار الحکومت اور دریائے نیل کے کنارے واقع اسلامی دنیا کا عظیم الشان تاریخی شہر۔ 358 ہجری (969 عیسوی) میں فاطمی جرنیل جوہر صقلی نے فسطاط کے شمال میں 'القاہرۃ المعزیہ' کے نام سے اس کی بنیاد رکھی۔ 656 ہجری میں بغداد کے زوال کے بعد ایوبی اور مملوک ادوار میں یہ اسلامی مشرق کا سب سے بڑا سیاسی اور تعلیمی مرکز بن گیا جس میں علامتی عباسی خلافت، جامعہ ازہر اور سنگِ مرمر کے شاندار تعمیری شاہکار قائم ہوئے۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "place/cairo",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-24"
  }
 },
 "degree": 356,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-27",
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "person/abbas-mahmoud-al-aqqad",
   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-abbas-mahmoud-al-aqqad-en",
    "source/wikipedia-abbas-mahmoud-al-aqqad-ar"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abd-al-fattah-abu-ghudda",
   "type": "home_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-abd-al-fattah-abu-ghudda-en"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abd-al-halim-mahmud",
   "type": "death_place_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "note": "Died at Cairo (English and Arabic article infoboxes; Wikidata gives Cairo as place of death).",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-abd-al-halim-mahmud-en",
    "source/wikipedia-abd-al-halim-mahmud-ar",
    "source/wikidata-abd-al-halim-mahmud"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abd-al-hayy-yusuf",
   "type": "birthplace_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-abd-al-hayy-yusuf-ar"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abd-al-qadir-al-rahawi",
   "type": "visited_by",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/shadharat-dhahab"
   ]
  },
  {
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    "source/wikidata-abdel-fattah-el-sisi"
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    "source/wikipedia-abdel-halim-hafez-ar"
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    "source/wikidata-abdel-khalek-sarwat-pasha"
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    "source/wikidata-abdullah-shams-el-din"
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    "source/wikidata-adly-yakan-pasha"
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    "source/britannica-ahmad-urabi"
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    "source/wikipedia-ahmad-urabi-ar",
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    "source/wikipedia-ahmed-shawqi-ar"
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    "source/wikipedia-boutros-boutros-ghali-ar"
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    "source/britannica-edward-said"
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    "source/wikipedia-hussein-kamel-ar"
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  {
   "to": "person/ibn-al-zahiri",
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  {
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  {
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  {
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  {
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  {
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  {
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    "source/wikidata-khalil-sakakini"
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    "source/wikipedia-ma-jian-zh"
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  {
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  {
   "to": "person/mahmoud-khalil-al-hussary",
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  {
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    "source/wikipedia-may-ziade-ar"
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   "to": "person/mido",
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    "source/wikidata-mido"
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  {
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 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}