{
 "id": "source/britannica-al-biruni",
 "class": "source",
 "slug": "britannica-al-biruni",
 "label": {
  "en": "Al-Bīrūnī — Encyclopaedia Britannica"
 },
 "summary": {
  "en": "Britannica biography of al-Bīrūnī by George Saliba and the Britannica editors; it gives his birth at Khwārezm in 973, the civil war of 996–998 that drove him to the Sāmānid court at Bukhara, his stay with Qābūs at Gurgān where he met Ibn Sīnā and dedicated the Chronology of Ancient Nations, Maḥmūd's summons to Ghazna, the book on India, the Masʿūdic Canon, and his death at Ghazna about 1052."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "reference_data",
  "type": "web",
  "title": "Al-Bīrūnī",
  "author": [
   {
    "family": "Saliba",
    "given": "George"
   },
   {
    "family": "Britannica Editors",
    "given": ""
   }
  ],
  "issued": {
   "date-parts": [
    [
     2026,
     8,
     31
    ]
   ]
  },
  "publisher": "Encyclopaedia Britannica",
  "URL": "https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Biruni",
  "language": "English",
  "reliability_note": "Carrier britannica.com is a registered trusted website (T3, facts). Page record: docs/authenticity-ledger/pages/britannica-al-biruni.yaml. Used for dated career facts.",
  "open_access": true,
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 Medium)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {},
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-28",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}