{
 "id": "source/jaina-mathematics-mactutor",
 "class": "source",
 "slug": "jaina-mathematics-mactutor",
 "label": {
  "ar": "رياضيات الجاينيين — ماكتوتر",
  "en": "Jaina mathematics — MacTutor",
  "ur": "جین ریاضی — میک ٹیوٹر"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "تاريخ يعرض التوافيق وعلاقتها بالمعاملات ومثلثاً في تعليق من القرن العاشر.",
  "en": "History describing combinations, their relation to coefficients and a triangle in a tenth-century commentary.",
  "ur": "توافیق، ضریب سے تعلق اور دسویں صدی کی شرح کے مثلث کی تاریخ۔"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "secondary",
  "type": "article",
  "title": "Jaina mathematics",
  "author": [
   {
    "family": "O'Connor",
    "given": "J. J."
   },
   {
    "family": "Robertson",
    "given": "E. F."
   }
  ],
  "publisher": "MacTutor History of Mathematics, University of St Andrews",
  "language": "en",
  "URL": "https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Jaina_mathematics/",
  "open_access": true,
  "reliability_note": "Actual combinations/binomial passage read: Sthananga and Bhagabati rules, relation to binomial coefficients in other works, tenth-century commentary on third-century work containing a triangle. It does not name Halayudha in this passage; no such attribution, precise date, whole-corpus reading or direct Indian-to-Karaji route claimed.",
  "provenance": {
   "generated_by": "github-copilot",
   "model": "unknown",
   "run": "inventions-p3-b98",
   "source": "Direct reading of MacTutor's combinations/coefficient passage and author footer; primary Jaina texts not read. Source definition, not a derivative of Karaji's biography."
  },
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "completeness": 3
  }
 },
 "prose": {},
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-11-07",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}