{
 "id": "source/lee-afghanistan-history-2018",
 "class": "source",
 "slug": "lee-afghanistan-history-2018",
 "label": {
  "en": "Lee, Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present (Reaktion, 2018)"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "تاريخ أفغانستان لجوناثان لي (2018). يروي أن مشك عالم والجنرال محمد جان خان وردك كانا العنصرين الأساسيين في حصار معسكر شيرپور سنة 1879، وأن الأمير عبد الرحمن اتهمهما بالتآمر لإعادة أيوب خان فاعتُقلا وسُمّما في السجن أو قُتلا، وأن ابنه الأكبر عبد الكريم خلفه بيرا وأصدر فتوى ضد الأمير في أواخر 1885. ويذكر أيضا نجاح نجم الدين آخوندزاده (صاحب هده) في شبكة مشايخ الحدود.",
  "en": "Jonathan L. Lee's history of Afghanistan (Reaktion Books, 2018). It recounts that Mushk-i 'Alam and General Muhammad Jan Khan Wardak were the two men instrumental in the siege of the Sherpur cantonment in 1879; that Amir 'Abd al-Rahman accused them of plotting the restoration of Ayub Khan, and that they were arrested and poisoned in prison or put to death; and that by the end of 1885 Mushk-i 'Alam's eldest son 'Abd al-Karim had succeeded him as pir and issued a fatwa against the Amir. Its narrative presupposes Mushk-i 'Alam's death in or before 1885."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "secondary",
  "type": "book",
  "title": "Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present",
  "author": [
   {
    "family": "Lee",
    "given": "Jonathan L."
   }
  ],
  "issued": {
   "date-parts": [
    [
     2018
    ]
   ]
  },
  "publisher": "Reaktion Books",
  "language": "en",
  "reliability_note": "Read on 27 October 2026 in the online reproduction of the book; the passages used are the Sherpur and 1885 purge narrative and the note on the son's succession as pir. Lee's text implies Mushk-i 'Alam held the standing of a pir (his son 'succeeded him as pir'); it names no order for him.",
  "open_access": false,
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {},
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-27",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}